Guidelines, Information, and Technical Resources

Compiled by the ISSMGE TC304 Committee

• Introductory Material
• Advanced Probability and Inference
• Probabilistic Ground Models
• Geotechnical Design Codes and Manuals
• Reliability-Based Design
• Bearing Capacity
• Deep Foundations
• Groundwater and Earthdams
• Land/Groundwater Contamination
• Earth Retaining Walls and Embankments
• Seismic/Liquefaction
• Shallow Foundation Settlement
• Site Investigation
• Slopes and Embankments
• Risk Management
• Rock Mechanics
• Miscellaneous

Introductory Material

1. Baecher, G.B. and Christian, J.T., (2003). Reliability and Statistics in Geotechnical Engineering, Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom.

2. Building Research Establishment, MA Smith Environmental Consultancy, et al. (2001). Assessment and Management of Risks to Buildings, Building Materials and Services from Land Contamination. Bristol, Environment Agency: 100.

3. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V., (2008). Risk Assessment in Geotechnical Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

4. Fenton, G.A., Ed., (1996). Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, Short course notes, Uncertainty'96, Madison, Wisconsin

5. Institution of Civil Engineers} (1991). Inadequate Site Investigation, Thomas Telford, London.

6. Joint Committee on Structural Safety

7. Lacasse, S., (1994). "Reliability and probabilistic methods," in Proc. 13th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics Foundation Engineering, pp. 225--227.

Advanced Probability and Inference

1. Adler, R. J., (1981). The Geometry of Random Fields, Wiley, New York.

2. Anderson, T.W., (1971). The Statistical Analysis of Time Series, in Probability and Mathematical Statistics, Wiley, New York.

3. Beran, J., (1994). Statistics for Long-Memory Processes, in Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, V. Isham \etal, Eds., Chapman \& Hall, New York.

4. Berman, S.M., (1992). Sojourns and Extremes of Stochastic Processes, Wadsworth and Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA.

5. Brockwell, P.J. and Davis, R.A., (1987). Time Series: Theory and Methods, in Springer Series in Statistics, P. Bickel \etal, Eds., Springer-Verlag, New York.

6. Christian, J.T. and Baecher, G.B., (1999). "Point-estimate method as numerical quadrature," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 125(9), 779--786.

7. Cinlar, E., (1975). Introduction to Stochastic Processes, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

8. Cramer, H. and Leadbetter, M.R., (1967). Stationary and Related Stochastic Processes, Wiley, New York.

9. Cressie, N.A.C., (1993). Statistics for Spatial Data, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York.

10. Dahlhaus, R., (1989). "Efficient parameter estimation for self-similar processes," Ann. Statist., 17, 1749--1766.

11. Fenton, G.A., (1990). Simulation and Analysis of Random Fields, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. Civil Eng. and Op. Res., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.

12. Fenton, G.A., (1994). "Error evaluation of three random field generators," ASCE J. Eng. Mech., 120(12), 2478--2497. PDF

13. Fenton, G.A., (1999). "Estimation for stochastic soil models," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 125(6), 470--485. PDF

14. Fenton, G.A. and Vanmarcke, E.H., (1990). "Simulation of random fields via local average subdivision," ASCE J. Eng. Mech., 116(8), 1733--1749. PDF

15. Fenton, G.A. and Vanmarcke, E.H., (1992). "Simulation-based excursion statistics," ASCE J. Eng. Mech., 118(6), 1129--1145. PDF

16. Journel, A.G. and Huijbregts, Ch.J., (1978). Mining Geostatistics, Academic, New York.

17. Kulhawy, F.H., Roth, M.J.S. and Grigoriu, M.D., (1991). "Some statistical evaluations of geotechnical properties," in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Appl. Statistical Problems in Civil Engineering (ICASP6), Mexico City, pp. 705--712.

18. Leadbetter, M.R., Lindgren, G. and Rootzen, H., (1983). Extremes and Related Properties of Random Sequences and Processes, Springer-Verlag, New York.

19. Paice, G.M., (1997). "Finite element analysis of stochastic soils," Ph.D. Thesis, University of Manchester, Dept. Civil Engineering, Manchester, United Kingdom.

20. Rosenblueth, E., (1975). "Point estimates for probability moments," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 72(10), 3812--3814.

21. Rosenblueth, E., (1981). "Two-point estimates in probabilities," Appl. Math. Modelling, 5, 329--335.

22. Vanmarcke, E.H., (1984). Random Fields: Analysis and Synthesis, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

23. Yaglom, A.M., (1962). An Introduction to the Theory of Stationary Random Functions, Dover, Mineola, NY.

Probabilistic Ground Models

1. Asaoka, A. and Grivas, D.A., (1982). "Spatial variability of the undrained strength of clays," ASCE J. Geotech. Eng., 108(5), 743--756.

2. Cherubini, C., (1997). "Data and considerations on the variability of geotechnical properties of soils," in Proc. Int. Conf. Safety and Reliability, ESREL 97, Vol. 2, Lisbon, pp. 1583--1591.

3. Chok, Y.H., Jaksa, M.B., Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A., and Kaggwa, W. S., (2007). "A parametric study on reliability of spatially random cohesive soils", Australian Geomechanics, 42(2), pp. 7985.

4. DeGroot, D.J. and Baecher, G.B., (1993). "Estimating autocovariance of in-situ soil properties," ASCE J. Geotech. Eng., 119(1), 147--166.

5. DeGroot, D.J., (1996). "Analyzing spatial variability of in-situ properties," in Uncertainty in the geologic environment: From theory to practice, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 58, C.D. Shackelford \etal, Eds., American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 210--238.

6. Fenton, G.A., (1999). "Random field modeling of CPT data," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 125(6), 486--498. PDF

7. Lacasse, S. and Nadim, F., (1996). "Uncertainties in characterizing soil properties," in ASCE Uncertainties'96 Conference Proceedings, C.H. Benson, Ed., Madison, WI, pp. 49--75.

8. Lumb, P., (1966). "The variability of natural soils," ASCE J. Geotech. Eng., 3(2), 74-97.

9. Phoon, K-K. and Kulhawy, F.H., (1999). "Characterization of geotechnical variability," Can. Geotech. J., 36, 612--624.

10. Vanmarcke, E.H., (1977). "Probabilistic Modeling of Soil Profiles," ASCE J. Geotech. Eng., 103(GT11), 1227--1246.

11. Wickremesinghe, D. and Campanella, R.G., (1993). "Scale of fluctuation as a descriptor of soil variability," in Prob. Methods in Geotech. Eng., K.S. Li and S.-C.R. Lo, Eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 233--239.

Geotechnical Design Codes and Manuals

1. AASHTO, (2007). LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.

2. Australian Standard, (2004). Bridge Design, Part 3: Foundations and Soil-Supporting Structures, AS 5100.3--2004, Sydney, Australia.

3. Australian Standard, (2002). Earth-Retaining Structures, AS 4678--2004, Sydney, Australia.

4. Canadian Geotechnical Society, (2006). Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, 4th Ed., Montreal, Quebec.

5. Canadian Standards Association, (1981). Guidelines for the Development of Limit States Design, Canadian Standards Association Special Publication S408-1981 (R2001), Rexdale, Ont.

6. Canadian Standards Association, (2006). Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code, CAN/CSA Standard S6-06, CSA International, Rexdale, Ontario.

7. EN 1997-1, (2003). Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design -- Part 1: General rules, CEN (European Committee for Standardization), Brussels.

8. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), (1991). Manuals for the Design of Bridge Foundations, Report 343, NCHRP, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

9. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), (2004). Load and Resistance Factors for Earth Pressures on Bridge Substructures and Retaining Walls, Report 12-55, NCHRP, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

10. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), (2010). LRFD Design and Construction of Shallow Foundations for Highway Bridge Structures, Report 651, NCHRP, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

11. National Research Council (NRC), (2005). National Building Code of Canada, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.

12. National Research Council (NRC), (2006). User's Guide -- NBC 2005 Structural Commentaries (Part 4 of Division B), 2nd ed., National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.

Reliability-Based Design

1. Allen, D.E., (1975). "Limit states design: A probabilistic study," Can. J. Civ. Eng., 36(2), 36--49.

2. Allen, T.M, (2005). "Development of geotechnical resistance factor and downdrag load factors for LRFD foundation strength limit state design," Federal Highway Administration, Publication No. FHWA-NHI-05-052, US Department of Transportation.

3. Becker, D.E., (1996). "Eighteenth Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: Limit states design for foundations. Part I. An overview of the foundation design process," Can. Geotech. J., 33, 956--983.

4. Becker, D.E., (1996). "Eighteenth Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: Limit states design for foundations. Part II. Development for the National Building Code of Canada," Can. Geotech. J., 33, 984--1007.

5. Ching, J., (2009). "Equivalence between reliability and factor of safety," Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 24(2), 159--171.

6. Ching, J., and Phoon, K.K., (2011). "A quantile-based approach for calibrating reliability-based partial factors," Structural Safety, 33, 275--285.

7. Cornell, C.A., (1969). "A probability-based structural code," Journal of the American Concrete Institute, 66(12), 974--985.

8. Ditlevson, O., (1973). "Structural reliability and the invariance problem," Research Report No. 22, Solid Mechanics Division, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.

9. Duncan, J.M., (2000). "Factors of safety and reliability in geotechnical engineering," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 126(4), 307--316.

10. Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V., and Ojomo, O.O., (2011). "Consequence factors in the ultimate limit state design of shallow foundations", Canadian Geotechnical Journal, March.

11. Foye, K.C., Salgado, R. and Scott, B., (2006). "Assessment of variable uncertainties for reliability-based design of foundations," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Engrg., 132(9), 1197--1207.

12. Foye, K.C., Salgado, R. and Scott, B., (2006). "Resistance factors for use in shallow foundation LRFD," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 132(9), 1208--1218.

13. Freudenthal, A.M., (1956). "Safety and the probability of structure failure," Trans. ASCE, 121, 1337--1375.

14. Goldsworthy, J.S., Jaksa, M.B., Fenton, G.A., Kaggwa, W.S., Griffiths, D.V., and Poulos, H.G., (2007). "Effect of sample location on the reliability based design of pad foundations," Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 1(3), 155--166.

15. Hansen, B., (1956). Limit Design and Safety Factors in Soil Mechanics, Bulletin No. 1, Danish Geotechnical Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.

16. Harr, M.E., (1987). Reliability-Based Design in Civil Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York.

17. Lumb, P., (1970). "Safety factors and the probability distribution of soil strength," Can. Geotech. J., 7, 225--242.

18. Madsen, H.O., Krenk, S. and Lind, N.C., (1986). Methods of Structural Safety, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

19. Meyerhof, G.G., (1970). "Safety factors in soil mechanics," Can. Geotech. J., 7, 349--355.

20. Meyerhof, G.G., (1984). "Safety factors and limit states analysis in geotechnical engineering," Can. Geotech. J., 21(1), 1--7.

21. Meyerhof, G.G., (1993). "Development of geotechnical limit state design," in Proc. Int. Symp. on Limit State Design in Geotechnical Engineering, Danish Geotechnical Society, Copenhagen, pp. 1--12.

22. Meyerhof, G.G., (1995). "Development of geotechnical limit state design," Can. Geotech. J., 32, 128--136.

23. Mortensen, K., (1983). "Is limit state design a judgement killer?" Bulletin No. 35, Danish Geotechnical Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.

24. Phoon, K.K., Ching, J., and Chen, J.R., (2011). "How Reliable Are Reliability-Based Multiple Factor Code Formats?" Keynote lecture in 3rd International Symposium on Geotechnical Safety and Risk (ISGSR2011), Munich, 2-3 June.

25. Phoon, K.K., Kulhawy, F.H. and Grigoriu, M.D., (2003). "Development of a reliability-based design framework for transmission line structure foundations," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Engrg., 129(9), 798--806.

26. Phoon, K.K., Kulhawy, F.H. and Grigoriu, M.D., (2003). "Multiple resistance factor design for shallow transmission line structure foundations," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Engrg., 129(9), 807--818.

27. Wang, Y. and Kulhawy, F.H., (2008). "Reliability index for serviceability limit state of building foundations," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Engrg., 134(11), 1587--1594.

Bearing Capacity

1. Babu, G.L.S., Srivastava, A. and Murthy, D.S.N., (2006). "Reliability analysis of the bearing capacity of a shallow foundation resting on cohesive soil," Can. Geotech. J., 43, 217--223.

2. Cherubini, C., (2000). "Reliability evaluation of shallow foundation bearing capacity on c', φ' soils," Can. Geotech. J., 37, 264--269.

3. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V., (2001). "Bearing capacity of spatially random c - φ soils," in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG 01), Tucson, AZ, pp. 1411--1415.

4. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V., (2003). "Bearing capacity prediction of spatially random c - φ soils," Can. Geotech. J., 40(1), 54--65. PDF

5. Fenton, G. A., Zhang, X.Y. and Griffiths, D.V., (2007). "Reliability of shallow foundations designed against bearing failure using LRFD," Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 1(4), 202--215. PDF

6. Fenton, G. A., Griffiths, D.V. and Zhang, X.Y., (2008). "Load and resistance factor design of shallow foundations against bearing failure", Canadian Geotechical Journal, 45(11), 1556--1571. PDF

7. Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A., (2000). "Bearing capacity of heterogeneous soils by finite elements," in Proc. 5th Int. Congress on Numerical Methods in Engineering and Scientific Applications (CIMENICS'00), N. Troyani and M. Cerrolaza, Eds., Sociedad Venezolana de Métodos Numéricos en Ingenier\'ia, pp. CI 27--37.

8. Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A., (2001). "Bearing capacity of spatially random soil: The undrained clay Prandtl problem revisited," Géotechnique, 51(4), 351--359. PDF

9. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A. and Manoharan, N., (2002). "Bearing capacity of a rough rigid strip footing on cohesive soil: A probabilistic study," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 128(9), 743--755. PDF

10. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A. and Manoharan, N., (2006). "Undrained bearing capacity of two strip footings on spatially random soil," International Journal of Geomechanics, 6(6), 421--427. PDF

11. Manoharan, N., Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A., (2001). "A probabilistic study of rough strip footing on cohesive soil," in 6th U.S. National Congress on Computational Mechanics (VI USACM), University of Michigan, Dearborn, MI, p. 257.

12. Meyerhof, G. G., (1951). "The ultimate bearing capacity of foundations," Géotechnique, 2(4), 301--332.

13. Meyerhof, G. G., (1963). "Some recent research on the bearing capacity of foundations," Can. Geotech. J., 1(1), 16--26.

Deep Foundations

1. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V., (2007). "Reliability-based deep foundation design," in Probabilistic Applications in Geotechnical Engineering, GSP No. 170, Proc. Geo-Denver 2007 Symposium, American Society of Civil Engineers, Denver, Colorado.

2. Haldar, S. and Babu, G.L.S., (2008). "Load and resistance factor design of axially loaded pile based on load test results," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Engrg., 134(8), 1106--1117.

3. Klammler, H., McVay, M., Horhota, D., and Lai, P., (2010). "Influence of spatially variable side friction on single drilled shaft resistance and LRFD resistance factors," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Engrg., 136(8), 1114--1123.

4. Li, D. Q., Tang, X.S., Phoon, K. K., Chen, Y. F., and Zhou C. B., (2011). "Bivariate simulation using copula and its application to probabilistic pile settlement analysis." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics. DOI: 10.1002/nag.1112

5. Li, D.Q., Tang, W.H., and Zhang, L.M., (2008). "Updating occurrence probability and size of defect for bored piles." Structural Safety. 30(2), 130--143.

6. Li, D. Q., Zhang, L. M., and Tang, W. H., (2005). "Reliability evaluation of cross-hole sonic logging for bored pile integrity." ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Engrg., 131(9), 1130--1138.

7. Misra, A. and Roberts, L.A., (2006). "Probabilistic analysis of drilled shaft service limit state using the `t-z' method," Can. Geotech. J., 43, 1324--1332.

8. Phoon, K.K., Quek, S.T., Chow, Y.K. and Lee, S.L., (1990). "Reliability Analysis of pile settlement," ASCE J. Geotech. Eng., 116(11), 1717--1735.

9. Roberts, L.A. and Misra, A., (2009). "Reliability-based design of deep foundations based on differential settlement criterion," Can. Geotech. J., 46, 168--176.

10. Yang, L. and Liang, R., (2009). "Incorporating setup into load and resistance factor design of driven piles in sand," Can. Geotech. J., 46, 296--305.

11. Yang, L. and Liang, R., (2006). "Incorporating set-up into reliability-based design of driven piles in clay," Can. Geotech. J., 43, 946--955.

12. Zhang, L. M.,Li, D. Q., and Tang, W. H., (2006). "Impact of routine quality assurance on reliability of bored piles." ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Engrg., 132(5), 622--630.

13. Zhang, L. M.,Li, D. Q., and Tang, W. H., (2006). "Level of construction control and safety of driven piles." Soils and Foundations, 46(4), 415--426.

14. Zhang, L. M., Li, D. Q., and Tang, W. H., (2005). "Reliability of bored pile foundations considering bias in failure criteria." Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 42(4), 1086--1093.

Groundwater and Earth Dams

1. Dagan, G., (1979). "Models of groundwater flow in statistically homogeneous porous formations," Water Resourc. Res., 15(1), 47--63.

2. Dagan, G., (1981). "Analysis of flow through heterogeneous random aquifers by the method of embedding matrix: 1, Steady flow," Water Resourc. Res., 17(1), 107--122.

3. Dagan, G., (1986). "Statistical theory of groundwater flow and transport: Pore to laboratory, laboratory to formation, and formation to regional scale," Water Resourc. Res., 22(9), 120S--134S.

4. Dagan, G., (1989). Flow and Transport in Porous Formations, Springer-Verlag, New York.

5. Dagan, G., (1993). "Higher-order correction of effective conductivity of heterogeneous formations of lognormal conductivity distribution," Transp. Porous Media, 12, 279--290.

6. Dykaar, B.B. and Kitanidis, P.K., (1992). "Determination of the effective hydraulic conductivity for heterogeneous porous media using a numerical spectral approach: 1, Method," Water Resourc. Res., 28(4), 1155--1166.

7. Dykaar, B.B. and Kitanidis, P.K., (1992). "Determination of the effective hydraulic conductivity for heterogeneous porous media using a numerical spectral approach: 2, Results," Water Resourc. Res., 28(4), 1167--1178.

8. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V., (1993). "Statistics of block conductivity through a simple bounded stochastic medium," Water Resources Research, 29(6), 1825--1830. PDF

9. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V., (1995). "Flow through earthdams with spatially random permeability," in Proc. 10th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conf., Boulder, CO, pp. 341--344.

10. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V., (1996). "Statistics of free surface flow through a stochastic earth dam," ASCE J. Geotech. Eng., 122(6), 427--436. PDF

11. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V., (1997). "A mesh deformation algorithm for free surface problems," Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech., 21(12), 817--824. PDF

12. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V., (1997). "Extreme hydraulic gradient statistics in a stochastic earth dam," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 123(11), 995--1000. PDF

13. Freeze, R.A., (1975). "A stochastic-conceptual analysis of one-dimensional groundwater flow in nonuniform homogeneous media," Water Resourc. Res., 11(5), 725--741.

14. Gelhar, L.W., (1993). Stochastic Subsurface Hydrology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

15. Gelhar, L.W. and Axness, C.L., (1983). "Three-dimensional stochastic analysis of macrodispersion in aquifers," Water Resourc. Res., 19(1), 161--180.

16. Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A., (1993). "Seepage beneath water retaining structures founded on spatially random soil," Géotechnique, 43(4), 577--587.

17. Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A., (1995). "Observations on two- and three-dimensional seepage through a spatially random soil," in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, Paris, France, pp. 65--70.

18. Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A., (1997). "Three-dimensional seepage through spatially random soil," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 123(2), 153--160. PDF

19. Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A., (1998). "Probabilistic analysis of exit gradients due to steady seepage," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 124(9), 789--797. PDF

20. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A. and Paice, G.M., (1996). "Reliability-based exit gradient design of water retaining structures," in Proc. ASCE Uncertainty'96 Conference, Madison, WI, pp. 518--534.

21. Griffiths, D.V., Paice, G.M. and Fenton, G.A., (1994). "Finite element modeling of seepage beneath a sheet pile wall in spatially random soil," in Proc. Int. Conf. of the Int. Assoc. Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG 94), H.J. Siriwardane and M.M. Zaman, Eds., Morgantown, WV, pp. 1205--1210.

22. Gutjahr, A.L., Gelhar, L.W., Bakr, A.A. and MacMillan, J.R., (1978). "Stochastic analysis of spatial variability in subsurface flows: 2, Evaluation and application," Water Resourc. Res., 14(5), 953--959.

23. Marsily, G., (1985). "Spatial variability of properties in porous media: A stochastic approach," in Advances in Transport Phenomena in Porous Media, J. Bear and M.Y. Corapcioglu, NATO Advanced Study Institute on Fundamentals of Transport Phenomena in Porous Media, Dordrecht, pp. 719-769.

24. Rubin, Y. and G\'omez-Hern\'andez, J.J., (1990). "A stochastic approach to the problem of upscaling of conductivity in disordered media: Theory and unconditional numerical simulations," Water Resourc. Res., 26(4), 691--701.

25. Smith, L. and Freeze, R.A., (1979). "Stochastic Analysis of Steady State Groundwater Flow in a Bounded Domain: 1. One-Dimensional Simulations," Water Resourc. Res., 15(3), 521--528.

26. Smith, L. and Freeze, R.A., (1979). "Stochastic Analysis of Steady State Groundwater Flow in a Bounded Domain: 2) Two-Dimensional Simulations," Water Resourc. Res., 15(6), 1543--1559.

Land/Groundwater Contamination

1. Butler, B. and J. Petts (2000). "Land contamination risk assessment tools: An evaluation of some of the commonly used methods." R&D Technical Report P260. Bristol, Environment Agency:131.

2. Carey, M. A., P. A. Marsland, et al. (2006). "Remedial targets methodology: Hydrogeological risk assessment for land contamination." Bristol, Environment Agency: 129.

3. Charles, J. A. (2004). "Building on brownfield sites: reducing the risks." GBG 59 Part 2. London, Building Research Establishment: 8.

4. Charles, J. A., R. C. Chown, et al. (2002). "Brownfield sites: ground-related risks for buildings." London, BRE Centre for Ground Engineering and Remediation: 52.

5. Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (2006). "Assessing risks from land contamination - a proportionate approach soil guideline values the way forward," DEFRA: 92.

6. DETR, Environment Agency, et al. (2000). Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment and Management. London: 89.

7. Environment Agency (2003). "Principles for evaluating the human health risks from petroleum hydrocarbons in soils: A consultation paper." Bristol, Environment Agency: 43.

8. Environment Agency (2004). "Environment agency guidance on assessment of risks from landfill sites," Environment Agency: 82.

9. Rudland, D. J., R. M. Lancefield, et al. (2001). "Contaminated land risk assessment: A guide to good practice." CIRIA C552. London, CIRIA: 162.

Earth Retaining Walls and Embankments

1. Basheer, I.A. and Najjar, Y.M., (1996). "Reliability-based design of reinforced earth retaining walls," Transport. Res. Rec., 1526, 64--78.

2. Chalermyanont, T. and Benson, C.H., (2004). "Reliability-based design for internal stability of mechanically stabilized earth walls," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 130(2), 163--173.

3. Ching, J., Liao, H.-J., and Sue, J.-W., (2008). "Calibration of reliability-based resistance factors for flush drilled soil anchors in Taipei basin," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134(9), 1348--1363.

4. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V., (2005). "Reliability of traditional retaining wall design," Géotechnique, 55(1), 55--62. PDF

5. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A. and Tveten, D.E., (2005). "Probabilistic earth pressure analysis by the random finite element method," in Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG 05), Vol. 4, G. Barla and M. Barla, Eds., Turin, Italy, pp. 235--249.

6. Griffiths, D. V., Fenton, G.A., and Ziemann, H. R., (2008). "Reliability of passive earth pressure," Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 2(2), 113--121. PDF

7. Goh, A.T.C., Phoon, K.K. and Kulhawy, F.H., (2009). "Reliability analysis of partial safety factor design method for cantilever retaining walls in granular soils," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Engrg., 135(5), 616--622.

8. Wu, S.S., Ou, C.Y., Ching, J. and Juang, C.H., (2011). "Reliability-based design for basal heave stability of deep excavations in spatially varying soils," to appear in ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000626

9. Yang, K.-H., Ching, J., and Zornbergm, J.G., (2011). "Reliability-based design for external stability of narrow mechanical stabilized earth walls - calibration from centrifuge tests," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 137(3), 239--253.

Seismic/Liquefaction

1. Bennett, M.J., McLaughlin, P.V., Sarmiento, J.S. and Youd, T.L., (1984). "Geotechnical investigation of liquefaction sites, Imperial County, California," open-file report 84-252, U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA.

2. Boissieres, H.P. and Vanmarcke, E.H., (1995). "Spatial correlation of earthquake ground motion: non-parametric estimation," Soil Dynam. Earthquake Eng., 14, 23--31.

3. Fardis, M.N. and Veneziano, D., (1982). "Probabilistic analysis of deposit liquefaction," ASCE J. Geotech. Eng., 108(3), 395-418.

4. Fenton, G.A. and Vanmarcke, E.H., (1998). "Spatial variation in liquefaction risk," Géotechnique, 48(6), 819--831. PDF

5. Vanmarcke, E.H., Heredia-Zavoni, E. and Fenton, G.A., (1993). "Conditional simulation of spatially correlated earthquake ground motion," ASCE J. Eng. Mech., 119(11), 2333--2352. PDF

Shallow Foundation Settlement

1. Baecher, G.B. and Ingra, T.S., (1981). "Stochastic FEM in settlement predictions," ASCE J. Geotech. Eng., 107(4), 449-464.

2. Ching, J., Hu, Y.G., Yang, Z.Y., Shiao, J.Q., Chen, J.C. and Li, Y.S., (2011). "Reliability-based design for allowable bearing capacity by considering differential settlement on highly fractured rock masses," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 48, 728--740.

3. Christian, J.T. and Carrier, W.D., (1978). "Janbu, Bjerrum and Kjaernsli's chart reinterpreted," Can. Geotech. J., 15, 123--128.

4. D'Appolonia, D.J., D'Appolonia, E. and Brissette, R.F., (1968). "Settlement of spread footings on sand," ASCE J. Soil Mech. Found. Div., 94(SM3), 735--760.

5. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V., (2002). "Probabilistic foundation settlement on spatially random soil," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 128(5), 381--390. PDF

6. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V., (2005). "Three-dimensional probabilistic foundation settlement," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 131(2), 232--239. PDF

7. Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V. and Cavers, W., (2005). "Resistance factors for settlement design," Can. Geotech. J., 42(5), 1422--1436. PDF

8. Fenton, G.A., Paice, G.M. and Griffiths, D.V., (1996). "Probabilistic analysis of foundation settlement," in Proc. ASCE Uncertainty'96 Conf., Madison, WI, pp. 651--665.

9. Fenton, G.A., Zhou, H., Jaksa, M.B. and Griffiths, D.V., (2003). "Reliability analysis of a strip footing designed against settlement," in Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering (ICASP9), A. Kiureghian \etal, Eds., Millpress, San Francisco, pp. 1271--1277.

10. Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A., (2005). "Probabilistic settlement analysis of rectangular footings," in Proc. XVI Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Geotech. Eng. (ICSMGE), Millpress Science, Osaka, Japan, pp. 1041--1044.

11. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A., (2009). "Probabilistic settlement analysis by stochastic and random finite element methods," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(11), 1629--1637.

12. Paice, G.M., Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A., (1994). "Influence of spatially random soil stiffness on foundation settlements," in ASCE Settlement'94 Conference, A.T. Young and G.Y. Félio, Eds., American Society of Civil Engineers, Texas A\&M University, pp. 628--639.

13. Paice, G.M., Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A., (1996). "Finite element modeling of settlements on spatially random soil," ASCE J. Geotech. Eng., 122(9), 777--779.

Site Investigation

1. Ching, J., Phoon, K.-K. and Chen, Y.-C., (2010). "Reducing shear strength uncertainties in clays by multivariate correlations," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 47(1), 16--33.

2. Ching, J., Chen, J.R., Yeh, J.Y. and Phoon, K.K., (2011). "Updating uncertainties in friction angles of clean sands," to appear in ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000573

3. Ching, J., Phoon, K.K., and Huang, W.C., (2011). "Constructing joint distributions of multivariate geotechnical data." GeoRisk 2011: Geotechnical Risk Assessment and Management, Geotechnical Special Publication 224, Proceedings of the GeoRisk 2011 Conference, Atlanta, USA.

4. Institution of Civil Engineers, (1991). Inadequate Site Investigation, Thomas Telford, London.
5. Jaksa, M.B., Goldsworthy, J.S., Fenton, G.A., Kaggwa, W.S., Griffiths, D.V., Kuo, Y.L. and Poulos, H.G., (2005). "Towards reliable and effective site investigations," Géotechnique, 55(2), 109--121.

Slopes and Embankments

1. Alonso, E.E., (1976). "Risk analysis of slopes and its application to slopes in Canadian sensitive clays," Géotechnique, 26, 453--472.

2. Bishop, A.W., (1955). "The use of the slip circle in the stability analysis of slopes," Géotechnique, 5(1), 7--17.

3. Call, R.D., (1985). "Probability of stability design of open pit slopes," In Rock Masses: Modeling of Underground Openings/Probability of Slope Failure/Fracture of Intact Rock, Proc. Symp. Geotech. Eng. Div., C.H. Dowding, Ed., American Society of Civil Engineers, Denver, CO, pp. 56--71.

4. Ching, J., Phoon, K.K. and Hu, Y.G., (2009). "Efficient evaluation of reliability for slopes with circular slip surfaces using importance sampling," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(6), 768--777.

5. Ching, J., Phoon, K.K. and Hu, Y.G., (2010). "Observations on limit equilibrium-based slope reliability problems with inclined weak seams," ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 136(10), 1220--1233.

6. Chowdhury, R.N. and Tang, W.H., (1987). "Comparison of risk models for slopes," in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Applications of Statistics and Probability in Soil and Structural Engineering, Vol. 2, pp. 863--869.

7. Christian, J.T., (1996). "Reliability methods for stability of existing slopes," in Uncertainty in the geologic environment: From theory to practice, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 58, C.D. Shackelford \etal, Eds., American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 409--418.

8. Christian, J.T., Ladd, C.C. and Baecher, G.B., (1994). "Reliability applied to slope stability analysis," ASCE J. Geotech. Eng., 120(12), 2180--2207.

9. D'Andrea, R.A. and Sangrey, D.A., (1982). "Safety factors for probabilistic slope design," ASCE J. Geotech. Eng., 108(GT9), 1101-1118.

10. Dai, Y., Fredlund, D.G. and Stolte, W.J., (1993). "A probabilistic slope stability analysis using deterministic computer software," in Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, K.S. Li and S.-C.R. Lo, Eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 267--274.

11. El-Ramly, H., Morgenstern, N.R. and Cruden, D.M., (2002). "Probabilistic slope stability analysis for practice," Can. Geotech. J., 39, 665--683.

12. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V., (2005). "A slope stability reliability model," Proc. K.Y. Lo Symposium, London, ON.

13. Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V. and Urquhart, A., (2003). "A slope stability model for spatially random soils," in Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering (ICASP9), A. Kiureghian \etal, Eds., Millpress, San Francisco, pp. 1263--1269.

14. Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A., (2000). "Influence of soil strength spatial variability on the stability of an undrained clay slope by finite elements," in Slope Stability 2000, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 101, American Society of Civil Engineering, New York, pp. 184--193.

15. Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A., (2004). "Probabilistic slope stability analysis by finite elements," ASCE J. Geotech. Geoenv. Eng., 130(5), 507--518. PDF

16. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A. and Denavit, M.D., (2007). "Traditional and advanced probabilistic slope stability analysis," in Probabilistic Applications in Geotechnical Engineering, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 170, Proc. Geo-Denver 2007 Symposium, American Society of Civil Engineers, Denver, CO.

17. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A. and Ziemann, H.R., (2006). "The influence of strength variability in the analysis of slope failure risk," in Geomechanics II, Proc. 2nd Japan-US Workshop on Testing, Modeling and Simulation, P.V. Lade, and T. Nakai, Eds., Geotechnical Special Publication No. 156, American Society of Civil Engineers, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 113--123.

18. Griffiths, D.V., Huang, J., and Fenton, G.A., (2009). "On the reliability of earth slopes in three dimensions", Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 465(2110), 3145--3164.

19. Griffiths, D.V., Huang, J., and Fenton, G.A., (2009). "Influence of spatial variability on slope reliability using 2-d random fields," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(10), 1367--1378.

20. Griffiths, D.V. and Lane, P.A., (1999). "Slope stability analysis by finite elements," Géotechnique, 49(3), 387--403.

21. Hassan, A.M. and Wolff, T.F., (2000). "Effect of deterministic and probabilistic models on slope reliability index," in Slope Stability 2000, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 101, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 194--208.

22. Huang, J., Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A., (2010). "System reliability of slopes by RFEM", Soils and Foundations, 50(3), 343--353.

23. Li, D.Q., Chen, Y.F., Lu, W.B., and Zhou, C.B., (2011). "Stochastic\ response surface method for reliability analysis of rock slopes involving correlated non-normal variables." Computers and Geotechnics, 38(1), 58--68.

24. Li, D.Q., Zhou C.B., Lu, W.B., and Jiang, Q.H., (2009). "A system reliability approach for evaluating stability of rock wedges with correlated failure modes." Computers and Geotechnics, 36(8), 1298--1307.

25. Li, D.Q., Zhang, L.M., Zhou, C.B., and Lu, W.B., (2011). "Risk based stabilization planning for soil cut slopes." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9(4), 1365--1379.

26. Li, K.S. and Lumb, P., (1987). "Probabilistic design of slopes," Can. Geotech. J., 24, 520--531.

27. Matsuo, M. and Kuroda, K., (1974). "Probabilistic approach to the design of embankments," Soils Found., 14(1), 1--17.

28. Mellah, R., Auvinet, G. and Masrouri, F., (2000). "Stochastic finite element method applied to non-linear analysis of embankments," Prob. Eng. Mech., 15, 251--259.

29. Mostyn, G.R. and Li, K.S., (1993). "Probabilistic slope stability -- State of play," in Proc. Conf. on Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, K.S. Li and S.-C.R. Lo, Eds, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 89--110.

30. Mostyn, G.R. and Soo, S., (1992). "The effect of autocorrelation on the probability of failure of slopes," in Proc. 6th Australia, New Zealand Conf. on Geomechanics: Geotechnical Risk, pp. 542--546.

31. Szynakiewicz, T., Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A., (2002). "A probabilistic investigation of c', φ' slope stability," in Proc. 6th Int. Cong. Numerical Methods in Engineering and Scientific Applications, CIMENICS'02, Sociedad Venezolana de Métodos Numéricos en Ingeniería, pp. 25--36.

32. Tan, C.P., Donald, I.B. and Melchers, R.E., (1993). "Probabilistic slip circle analysis of earth and rock fill dams," in Prob. Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, K.S. Li and S.-C.R. Lo, Eds, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 233--239.

33. Tang, W.H., Yuceman, M.S. and Ang, A.H.S., (1976). "Probability-based short-term design of slopes," Can. Geotech. J., 13, 201--215.

34. Wolff, T.F., (1996). "Probabilistic slope stability in theory and practice," in Uncertainty in the Geologic Environment: From Theory to Practice, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 58, C.D. Shackelford \etal, Eds., American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 419--433.

35. Wolff, T.H., (1985). "Analysis and design of embankment dam slopes: a probabilistic approach," Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN.

36. Yuceman, M.S., Tang, W.H. and Ang, A.H.S., (1973). "A probabilistic study of safety and design of earth slopes," University of Illinois, Urbana, Civil Engineering Studies, Structural Research Series 402, Urbana-Champagne, IL.