Guidelines, Information, and Technical Resources
Compiled by the ISSMGE TC304 Committee
Introductory Material
- Ang, A.H.-S., and Tang, W.H. (2007). Probability concepts in
engineering, Vol. I Emphasis on applications to civil and environmental
engineering, 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York.
- Ang, A.H.-S., and Tang, W.H. (2007). Probability concepts in
engineering: emphasis on applications to civil and environmental
engineering, Vol. II Decision, Risk, and Reliability, 2nd Ed.,
Wiley, New York.
- Baecher, G.H. (1987). Geotechnical risk analysis user's guide,"
FHWA/RD-87-011, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Va.
- Baecher, G.B., and Christian, J.T. (2003). Reliability and
Statistics in Geotechnical Engineering, Wiley, Chichester, United
Kingdom.
- Building Research Establishment, MA Smith Environmental Consultancy,
et al. (2001). Assessment and Management of Risks to Buildings,
Building Materials and Services from Land Contamination. Bristol,
Environment Agency: 100.
- Christian, J.T. (2004). "Geotechnical engineering reliability: how well
do we know what we are doing?" ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(10), 985-1003.
- Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (2008).
Risk Assessment in
Geotechnical Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
- Fenton, G.A., Ed. (1996).
Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical Engineering,
Short course notes, Uncertainty'96, Madison, Wisconsin
- GeoRisk2011 (2011). Geotechnical Risk Assessment and Management,
ASCE Geotechnical Special Publications (GSP) 224, CD-ROM, 1250 pp.,
ISBN 978-0-7844-1183-4. (C. Hsein Juang, et al. eds.)
- Ghosh, A., and Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1987). "A Fortran Program for
Generation of Multivariate Normally Distributed Random Variables,"
International Journal for Computers and Geosciences, 13(3),
221-233.
- Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A., Editors (2007).
Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical Engineering,
CISM Courses and Lectures No. 491, Springer, Wien, New York.
- Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A., and Tveten, D.E. (2002),
"Probabilistic geotechnical analysis: How difficult does it need to be?",
Probabilistics in Geotechnics: Technical and Economic Risk
Estimation, R. Pöettler et al. (eds.), VGE, Essen, Germany.
3--20.
- Harr, M.E. (1987). Reliability-Based Design in Civil Engineering,
McGraw-Hill, New York.
- Institution of Civil Engineers (1991). Inadequate Site
Investigation, Thomas Telford, London, United Kingdom.
-
Joint Committee on Structural Safety
- Lacasse, S. (1994). "Reliability and probabilistic methods," in
Proc. 13th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics Foundation Engineering,
225--227.
- Lee, I.K., White, W. and Ingles, O.G. (1983).
Geotechnical Engineering, Pitman, London.
- Low, B.K., and Tang, W.H. (1997). "Efficient reliability evaluation
using spreadsheet" ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics,
123(7), 749-752.
- Phoon, K.K., Editor (2008). Reliability-Based Design in Geotechnical
Engineering: Computations and Applications, Taylor & Francis, London.
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1999). Risk Based Analysis in
Geotechnical Engineering for Support of Planning Studies,
ETL1110-2-556, Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Washington, DC
- Uncertainty 96 (1996). Uncertainty in the Geological Environment:
From Theory to Practice, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publications
Number 58, 1453 pp., 2 vols., ISBN 978-0-7844-0188-0.
(C.D. Shackleford et al. eds.)
- Vick, S.G. (2002). Degrees of Belief: Subjective Probability and
Engineering Judgement, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston,
VA.
- Whipple, C. (1986). "Approaches to acceptable risk," in
Proc. Eng. Found. Conf. Risk-Based Decision Making in Water
Resources, Y.Y. Haimes and E.Z. Stakhiv, Eds., 30--45.
- Whitman, R.V. (1984). "Evaluating calculated risk in geotechnical
engineering," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,
110(2), 145-188.
- Whitman, R.V. (2000). "Organizing and evaluating uncertainty in
geotechnical engineering," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,
125(6), 583-593.
Advanced Probability and Inference
- Adler, R.J. (1981). The Geometry of Random Fields, Wiley,
New York.
- Anderson, T.W. (1971). The Statistical Analysis of Time Series,
in Probability and Mathematical Statistics, Wiley, New York.
- Beran, J. (1994). Statistics for Long-Memory Processes, in
Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, V. Isham et al.,
Eds., Chapman & Hall, New York.
- Berman, S.M. (1992). Sojourns and Extremes of Stochastic Processes,
Wadsworth and Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA.
- Brockwell, P.J., and Davis, R.A. (1987). Time Series: Theory and
Methods, in Springer Series in Statistics, P. Bickel et al.,
Eds., Springer-Verlag, New York.
- Bucher, C. G., and Bourgund, U. (1990). "A fast and efficient response
surface approach for structural reliability problems,"
Structural Safety, 7, 57-66.
- Christian, J.T. and Baecher, G.B. (1999). "Point-estimate method
as numerical quadrature," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(9), 779--786.
- Cinlar, E. (1975). Introduction to Stochastic Processes,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
- Cramer, H., and Leadbetter, M.R. (1967). Stationary and Related
Stochastic Processes, Wiley, New York.
- Cressie, N.A.C. (1993). Statistics for Spatial Data, 2nd ed.,
Wiley, New York.
- Dahlhaus, R. (1989). "Efficient parameter estimation for self-similar
processes," Annals of Statistics, 17, 1749--1766.
- Ditlevsen, O. (1979). ''Narrow reliability bounds for structural
systems.'' Journal of Structural Mechanics, 7(4), 453-72.
- Ditlevsen, O., and Madsen, H.O. (2005).
Structural Reliability Methods, Internet Edition 2.2.5
- Fenton, G.A. (1990). Simulation and Analysis of Random Fields,
Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. Civil Eng. and Op. Res., Princeton University,
Princeton, NJ.
- Fenton, G.A. (1994). "Error evaluation of three random field
generators," ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 120(12),
2478--2497.
PDF
- Fenton, G.A. (1999). "Estimation for stochastic soil models,"
ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
125(6), 470--485.
PDF
- Fenton, G.A., and Vanmarcke, E.H. (1990). "Simulation of random fields
via local average subdivision," ASCE Journal of Engineering
Mechanics, 116(8), 1733--1749.
PDF
- Fenton, G.A., and Vanmarcke, E.H. (1992). "Simulation-based excursion
statistics," ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 118(6),
1129--1145.
PDF
- Guan, X.L., and Melchers, R.E. (2001). "Effect of response surface
parameter variation on structural reliability estimates,"
Structural Safety, 23, 429-444.
- Goh, A.T.C., and Kulhawy, F.H. (2003). "Neural network approach to model
the limit state surface for reliability analysis," Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, 40(6), 1235-1244.
- Jiang, S.H., Li, D.Q., Zhou C.B., and Zhang, L.M. (2014). "Capabilities
of stochastic response surface method and response surface method in
reliability analysis," Structural Engineering and Mechanics,
49(1): 111-128.
- Journel, A.G., and Huijbregts, Ch.J. (1978). Mining Geostatistics,
Academic, New York.
- Kulhawy, F.H., Roth, M.J.S., and Grigoriu, M.D. (1991). "Some
statistical evaluations of geotechnical properties," in Proc. 6th
Int. Conf. Appl. Statistical Problems in Civil Engineering (ICASP6),
Mexico City, pp. 705--712.
- Leadbetter, M.R., Lindgren, G. and Rootzen, H. (1983). Extremes
and Related Properties of Random Sequences and Processes,
Springer-Verlag, New York.
- Li, D.Q., Wu, S.B., Zhou C.B., and Phoon, K.K. (2012). "Performance
of translation approach for modeling correlated non-normal variables,"
Structural Safety, DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2012.08.001.
- Li, D.Q., Phoon, K.K., Wu, S.B., Chen, Y.F., and Zhou, C.B. (2012).
"Impact of translation approach for modelling correlated non-normal
variables on parallel system reliability," Structure and Infrastructure
Engineering, DOI: 10.1080/15732479.2011.652968.
- Li, D.Q., Jiang, S.H., Chen, Y.G., and Zhou C.B. (2013). "A comparative
study of three collocation point methods for odd order stochastic response
surface method," Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 45(5): 595-611.
- Li, D.Q., Jiang, S.H., Wu, S.B., Zhou, C.B., and Zhang, L.M. (2013). "Modeling
multivariate distribution using Monte Carlo simulation for reliability analysis
with complex performance function," Journal of Risk and Reliability,
227(2): 109-118.
- Li, D.Q., Phoon, K.K., Wu, S.B., Chen, Y.F., and Zhou C.B. (2013). "Impact of translation
approach for modelling correlated non-normal variables on parallel system reliability,"
Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 9(10): 969-982.
- Li, D.Q., Jiang, S.H., Chen, Y.G., and Zhou C.B. (2014). "Reliability analysis of
serviceability performance of underground cavern using stochastic response surface
method," Environmental Earth Sciences, 71(3): 1169-1182.
- Low, B.K., and Tang, W.H. (2007). "Efficient spreadsheet algorithm for
first-order reliability method," Journal of Engineering Mechanics,
133(12), 1378-1387.
- Low, B.K., Zhang, J., and Tang, W.H. (2011). "Efficient system
reliability analysis illustrated for a retaining wall and a soil slope,"
Computers and Geotechnics, 38(2), 196-204.
- Melchers, R.E. (1999). Structural Reliability Analysis and
Prediction, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
- Paice, G.M. (1997). "Finite element analysis of stochastic soils,"
Ph.D. Thesis, University of Manchester, Dept. Civil Engineering,
Manchester, United Kingdom.
- Rosenblueth, E. (1975). "Point estimates for probability moments,"
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 72(10), 3812--3814.
- Rosenblueth, E. (1981). "Two-point estimates in probabilities,"
Applied Mathematical Modelling, 5, 329--335.
- Tang, X.S., Li, D.Q., Zhou C.B, Phoon, K.K., and Zhang, L.M. (2013).
"Impact of copulas for modeling bivariate distributions on system reliability,"
Structural Safety, 44, 80-90.
- Tang, X.S., Li, D.Q., Zhou, C.B., and Zhang, L.M. (2013). "Bivariate distribution
models using copulas for reliability analysis," Journal of Risk and Reliability,
227(5): 499-512.
- Vanmarcke, E.H. (1984). Random Fields: Analysis and Synthesis,
The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
- Yaglom, A.M. (1962). An Introduction to the Theory of Stationary
Random Functions, Dover, Mineola, NY.
- Zhang, J., Zhang, L.M., and Tang, W.H. (2011). "Kriging numerical
models for geotechnical reliability analysis,"
Soils and Foundations, 51(6), 1169-1177.
Probabilistic Ground Models
- Asaoka, A. and Grivas, D.A. (1982). "Spatial variability of the
undrained strength of clays," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, 108(5), 743--756.
- Cherubini, C. (1997). "Data and considerations on the variability
of geotechnical properties of soils," in Proc. Int. Conf. Safety
and Reliability, ESREL 97, 2, Lisbon, 1583--1591.
- Ching, J. and Phoon, K.K. (2013). Mobilized shear strength of spatially variable soils under simple stress states, Structural Safety, 41, 20-28.
- Ching, J. and Phoon, K.K. (2013). Effect of element sizes in random field finite element simulations of soil shear strength, Computers and Structures, 126, 120-134.
- Ching, J. and Phoon, K.K. (2013). Probability distribution for mobilized shear strengths of spatially variable soils under uniform stress states, Georisk, 7(3), 209-224.
- Ching, J., Phoon, K.K., and Kao, P.H. (2014). Mean and variance of the mobilized shear strengths for spatially variable soils under uniform stress states, ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 140(3), 487-501.
- Chok, Y.H., Jaksa, M.B., Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A., and Kaggwa, W.S.
(2007). "A parametric study on reliability of spatially random cohesive
soils", Australian Geomechanics, 42(2), pp. 7985.
- DeGroot, D.J. and Baecher, G.B. (1993). "Estimating autocovariance
of in-situ soil properties," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, 119(1), 147--166.
- DeGroot, D.J. (1996). "Analyzing spatial variability of in-situ
properties," in Uncertainty in the Geologic Environment: From
Theory to Practice, Geotechnical Special Publications No. 58,
C.D. Shackelford et al., Eds., American Society of Civil Engineers,
New York, 210--238.
- Fenton, G.A. (1999). "Random field modeling of CPT data," ASCE
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
125(6), 486--498.
PDF
- Griffiths, D.V., Paiboon, J, Huang, J. and Fenton, G.A. (2012). "Homogenization of geomaterials containing voids by random fields and finite elements," International Journal of Solids and Structures, 49, 2006-2014.
- Hu, Y.G. and Ching, J. (2014). The critical scale of fluctuation for active lateral forces, Computers and Geotechnics, 57, 24-29.
- Jha, S.K. and Ching, J. (2013). Simulating spatial averages of stationary random field using Fourier series method, ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 139(5), 594-605.
- Krahn, J., and Fredlund, D.G. (1983). "Variability in the engineering
properties of natural soil deposits," in Proc 4th Int Conf Appl Stats
Prob Soils Struct Eng, Universita di Firenze, 1017--1029.
- Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Ouyang, S. (1986). "Probabilistic modeling of
shear strength of rock discontinuities using direct shear test data," in
Proceedings of the 27th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics,
Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 112--120.
- Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Ouyang, S. (1987). "Target detection
probabilities for continuous line search," ASCE Journal of Computing in
Civil Engineering, 1(1), 1--19.
- Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Miller, K.M. (1987). "A scheme for estimating
the spatial variation of soil properties in three dimensions," in
Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applications of
Statistics and Probability in Soil and Structural Engineering,
Vancouver, Canada, 669--677.
- Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Southworth, R. (1987). "Modeling and prediction
of spatial variability of soil properties in one dimension, in
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Prediction and
Performance in Geotechnical Engineering, Calgary, Canada, 429--437.
- Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1987). "Modeling of cyclical stratigraphy using
markov chains," International Journal of Mining and Geological
Engineering, 5, 121--130.
- Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1987). "A computer simulation technique to study
probability of detection of geologic targets," Application of Computers
and Mathematics in the Mineral Industry, 20, 271--278.
- Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1988). "Probabilistic characterization of shear
strength parameters using triaxial test data," ASTM STP on Advanced
Triaxial Testing of Soil and Rock, 553--566.
- Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Ghosh, A. (1988). "An investigation into
accuracy of spatial variation estimation using static cone penetrometer
data," in Proceedings of the First International Symposium on
Penetration Testing, Orlando, Florida, 815--822.
- Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1988). "A probabilistic incremental linear elastic
constitutive relationship which incorporates spatial variation of soil
moduli", in Proceedings of the Symposium on Reliability-Based Design
in Civil Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland, 1, 285--294.
- Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Varatharajah, P. (1989). "A weighted regression
approach to model and predict spatial variability of soil properties in
one dimension," in Proceedings of the International Symposium on
Computer and Physical Modelling in Geotechnical Engineering, Bangkok,
Thailand, 279--285.
- Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Wathugala, D.N., Poulton, M., and Stephansson, O.
(1990) "Analysis of structural homogeneity of rock masses,"
International Journal of Engineering Geology, 29, 195--211.
- Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Panda, B.B., and Fiedler, R. (1996). "Fractal
dimension and the first invariant of fracture tensor of fracture
networks as measures of statistical homogeneity of jointed rock masses,"
in Proc. 2nd NARMS, Montreal, Canada, 1779--1786.
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dimension as a measure of statistical homogeneity of jointed rock masses,"
International Journal of Engineering Geology, 48(3-4),
217--230.
- Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Um, J. (2003). "Spatial variation of cone tip
resistance for the clay site at Texas A & M University", International
Journal of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 21(2),
149--165.
- Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Park, J., Balasingam, P., and McKenna, S.A. (2007).
"Hierarchical probabilistic regionalization of volcanism for Sengan
region, Japan", International Journal of Geotechnical and Geological
Engineering, 25(1), 79--102.
- Kulhawy, F.H., Roth, M.J.S. and Grigoriu, M.D. (1991). "Some statistical
evaluations of geotechnical properties," in Proc 6th Int Conf Appl
Stats Prob Civ Eng, L. Eseva and S.E. Ruiz, Eds, London, Vol II,
Mexico City, 705--712.
- Lacasse, S., and Nadim, F. (1996). "Uncertainties in characterizing
soil properties," in ASCE Uncertainties'96 Conference Proceedings,
C.H. Benson, Ed., Madison, WI, 49--75.
- Li, D.Q., Tang, X.S., Zhou C.B., Phoon, K.K. (2012). "Uncertainty
analysis of correlated non-normal geotechnical parameters using Gaussian
Copula," Science in China Series E, DOI: 10.1007/s11431-012-4937-z.
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Geotechnical Journal, 3(2), 74-97.
- Lumb, P. (1966). "Applications of statistics in soil mechanics,"
Chapter 3 in Soil Mechanics-New horizons, I.K. Lee, Ed., London,
Newnes-Butterworths, 44--111.
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variability," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36, 612--624.
- Phoon, K.K., and Kulhawy, F.H. (1999). "Evaluation of geotechnical
property variability," Canadian Geotechnical Journal,
36(4), 625--639.
- Nadim, F. (2007). "Tools and strategies for dealing with uncertainty in
geotechnics," in Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical
Engineering, D.V. Griffiths and G.A. Fenton, Eds., Springer Wien,
New York.
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variability of soil parameters," Canadian Geotechnical Journal,
27(5), 617--630.
- Stuedlein, A.W. (2011) "Random Field Model Parameters for Columbia River Silt," Proceedings, GeoRisk, Geotechnical Specialty Publication No. 224, ASCE, Reston, VA.
- Stuedlein, A.W., Kramer, S.L., Arduino, P., and Holtz, R.D. (2012) "Geotechnical characterization and random field modeling of desiccated clay," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(11).
- Tang, W.H. (1984). "Principles of probabilistic characterization of
soil properties," Proc. Symp. Probabilistic Characterization of
Soil Properties, D.S. Bowles and Hon-Kim Ko, Eds., 74--89.
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random two-state medium," Journal of Engineering Mechanics,
115(1), 131--144.
- Uzielli, M., Vannucchi, G., and Phoon, K.K. (2005). "Random field
characterisation of stress-normalised cone penetration testing
parameters," Géotechnique, 55(1), 3-20.
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ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 103(GT11),
1227--1246.
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as a descriptor of soil variability," in Prob. Methods in
Geotech. Eng., K.S. Li and S.-C.R. Lo, Eds., Balkema, Rotterdam,
233--239.
Geotechnical Design Codes and Manuals
- AASHTO (2007). LRFD Bridge Design Specifications,
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,
Washington, DC.
- Australian Standard (2004). Bridge Design, Part 3: Foundations
and Soil-Supporting Structures, AS 5100.3--2004, Sydney, Australia.
- Australian Standard (2002). Earth-Retaining Structures,
AS 4678--2004, Sydney, Australia.
- Canadian Geotechnical Society (2006). Canadian Foundation Engineering
Manual, 4th Ed., Montreal, Quebec.
- Canadian Standards Association (1981). Guidelines for the
Development of Limit States Design, Canadian Standards Association
Special Publication S408-1981 (R2001), Rexdale, Ont.
- Canadian Standards Association (2006). Canadian Highway
Bridge Design Code, CAN/CSA Standard S6-06, CSA International,
Rexdale, Ontario.
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- EN 1997-1 (2003). Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design -- Part 1:
General rules, CEN (European Committee for Standardization), Brussels.
- National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) (1991).
Manuals for the Design of Bridge Foundations, Report 343, NCHRP,
Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
- National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) (2004).
Load and Resistance Factors for Earth Pressures on Bridge
Substructures and Retaining Walls, Report 12-55, NCHRP, Transportation
Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
- National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) (2010).
LRFD Design and Construction of Shallow Foundations for Highway
Bridge Structures, Report 651, NCHRP, Transportation
Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
- National Research Council (NRC) (2010). National Building Code of
Canada, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.
- National Research Council (NRC) (2010). User's Guide -- NBC 2010
Structural Commentaries (Part 4 of Division B), 2nd ed., National
Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.
- Phoon, K.K. and Ching, J. (2013). Can we do better than the constant partial factor design format? Modern Geotechnical Design Codes of Practice ¡V Implementation, Application, and Development, IOS Press, 295-310.
- Phoon, K.K., Ching, J., and Chen, J.R. (2013). Performance of reliability-based design code formats for foundations in layered soils, Computers and Structures, 126, 100-106.
Reliability-Based Design
- Allen, D.E. (1975). "Limit states design: A probabilistic study,"
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 36(2), 36--49.
- Allen, T.M (2005). "Development of geotechnical resistance factor and
downdrag load factors for LRFD foundation strength limit state design,"
Federal Highway Administration, Publication No. FHWA-NHI-05-052,
US Department of Transportation.
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Kim, S.G. (1991). Manuals for the Design of Bridge Foundations,
NCHRP Report 343, Transportation Research Board, National Research
Council, Washington, D.C.
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Limit states design for foundations. Part I. An overview of the foundation
design process," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33, 956--983.
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Limit states design for foundations. Part II. Development for the National
Building Code of Canada," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33,
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Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 24(2), 159--171.
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constraints into deterministic limit-state constraints,"
Structural Safety, 30(1), 11-33.
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reliability-based resistance factors for flush drilled soil anchors
in Taipei basin," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, 134(9), 1348-1363.
- Ching, J., and Phoon, K.K. (2011). "A quantile-based approach for
calibrating reliability-based partial factors," Structural Safety,
33, 275-285.
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Journal of the American Concrete Institute, 66(12), 974--985.
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of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
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engineering," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, 126(4), 307--316.
- Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V. and Zhang, X.Y. (2008). "Load and
resistance factor design of shallow foundations against bearing
failure," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 45(11), 1556-1571.
- Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V., and Ojomo, O.O. (2011).
"Consequence factors in the ultimate limit state design
of shallow foundations", Canadian Geotechnical Journal,
48(2), 265-279.
- Foye, K.C., Salgado, R., and Scott, B. (2006). "Assessment of variable
uncertainties for reliability-based design of foundations," ASCE
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
132(9), 1197--1207.
- Foye, K.C., Salgado, R., and Scott, B. (2006). "Resistance factors
for use in shallow foundation LRFD," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical
and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(9), 1208--1218.
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failure," Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers,
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D.V., and Poulos, H.G. (2007). "Effect of sample location on the
reliability based design of pad foundations," Georisk: Assessment and
Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 1(3),
155--166.
- Hansen, B. (1956). Limit Design and Safety Factors in Soil
Mechanics, Bulletin No. 1, Danish Geotechnical Institute, Copenhagen,
Denmark.
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