Guidelines, Information, and Technical Resources

Compiled by the ISSMGE TC304 Committee

Introductory Material

  1. Ang, A.H.-S., and Tang, W.H. (2007). Probability concepts in engineering, Vol. I Emphasis on applications to civil and environmental engineering, 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York.

  2. Ang, A.H.-S., and Tang, W.H. (2007). Probability concepts in engineering: emphasis on applications to civil and environmental engineering, Vol. II Decision, Risk, and Reliability, 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York.

  3. Baecher, G.H. (1987). Geotechnical risk analysis user's guide," FHWA/RD-87-011, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, Va.

  4. Baecher, G.B., and Christian, J.T. (2003). Reliability and Statistics in Geotechnical Engineering, Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom.

  5. Building Research Establishment, MA Smith Environmental Consultancy, et al. (2001). Assessment and Management of Risks to Buildings, Building Materials and Services from Land Contamination. Bristol, Environment Agency: 100.

  6. Christian, J.T. (2004). "Geotechnical engineering reliability: how well do we know what we are doing?" ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(10), 985-1003.

  7. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (2008). Risk Assessment in Geotechnical Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

  8. Fenton, G.A., Ed. (1996). Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, Short course notes, Uncertainty'96, Madison, Wisconsin

  9. GeoRisk2011 (2011). Geotechnical Risk Assessment and Management, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publications (GSP) 224, CD-ROM, 1250 pp., ISBN 978-0-7844-1183-4. (C. Hsein Juang, et al. eds.)

  10. Ghosh, A., and Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1987). "A Fortran Program for Generation of Multivariate Normally Distributed Random Variables," International Journal for Computers and Geosciences, 13(3), 221-233.

  11. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A., Editors (2007). Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, CISM Courses and Lectures No. 491, Springer, Wien, New York.

  12. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A., and Tveten, D.E. (2002), "Probabilistic geotechnical analysis: How difficult does it need to be?", Probabilistics in Geotechnics: Technical and Economic Risk Estimation, R. Pöettler et al. (eds.), VGE, Essen, Germany. 3--20.

  13. Harr, M.E. (1987). Reliability-Based Design in Civil Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York.

  14. Institution of Civil Engineers (1991). Inadequate Site Investigation, Thomas Telford, London, United Kingdom.

  15. Joint Committee on Structural Safety

  16. Lacasse, S. (1994). "Reliability and probabilistic methods," in Proc. 13th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics Foundation Engineering, 225--227.

  17. Lee, I.K., White, W. and Ingles, O.G. (1983). Geotechnical Engineering, Pitman, London.

  18. Low, B.K., and Tang, W.H. (1997). "Efficient reliability evaluation using spreadsheet" ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 123(7), 749-752.

  19. Phoon, K.K., Editor (2008). Reliability-Based Design in Geotechnical Engineering: Computations and Applications, Taylor & Francis, London.

  20. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1999). Risk Based Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering for Support of Planning Studies, ETL1110-2-556, Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC

  21. Uncertainty 96 (1996). Uncertainty in the Geological Environment: From Theory to Practice, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publications Number 58, 1453 pp., 2 vols., ISBN 978-0-7844-0188-0. (C.D. Shackleford et al. eds.)

  22. Vick, S.G. (2002). Degrees of Belief: Subjective Probability and Engineering Judgement, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.

  23. Whipple, C. (1986). "Approaches to acceptable risk," in Proc. Eng. Found. Conf. Risk-Based Decision Making in Water Resources, Y.Y. Haimes and E.Z. Stakhiv, Eds., 30--45.

  24. Whitman, R.V. (1984). "Evaluating calculated risk in geotechnical engineering," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 110(2), 145-188.

  25. Whitman, R.V. (2000). "Organizing and evaluating uncertainty in geotechnical engineering," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 125(6), 583-593.

Advanced Probability and Inference

  1. Adler, R.J. (1981). The Geometry of Random Fields, Wiley, New York.

  2. Anderson, T.W. (1971). The Statistical Analysis of Time Series, in Probability and Mathematical Statistics, Wiley, New York.

  3. Beran, J. (1994). Statistics for Long-Memory Processes, in Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, V. Isham et al., Eds., Chapman & Hall, New York.

  4. Berman, S.M. (1992). Sojourns and Extremes of Stochastic Processes, Wadsworth and Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA.

  5. Brockwell, P.J., and Davis, R.A. (1987). Time Series: Theory and Methods, in Springer Series in Statistics, P. Bickel et al., Eds., Springer-Verlag, New York.

  6. Bucher, C. G., and Bourgund, U. (1990). "A fast and efficient response surface approach for structural reliability problems," Structural Safety, 7, 57-66.

  7. Christian, J.T. and Baecher, G.B. (1999). "Point-estimate method as numerical quadrature," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(9), 779--786.

  8. Cinlar, E. (1975). Introduction to Stochastic Processes, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

  9. Cramer, H., and Leadbetter, M.R. (1967). Stationary and Related Stochastic Processes, Wiley, New York.

  10. Cressie, N.A.C. (1993). Statistics for Spatial Data, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York.

  11. Dahlhaus, R. (1989). "Efficient parameter estimation for self-similar processes," Annals of Statistics, 17, 1749--1766.

  12. Ditlevsen, O. (1979). ''Narrow reliability bounds for structural systems.'' Journal of Structural Mechanics, 7(4), 453-72.

  13. Ditlevsen, O., and Madsen, H.O. (2005). Structural Reliability Methods, Internet Edition 2.2.5

  14. Fenton, G.A. (1990). Simulation and Analysis of Random Fields, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. Civil Eng. and Op. Res., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.

  15. Fenton, G.A. (1994). "Error evaluation of three random field generators," ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 120(12), 2478--2497. PDF

  16. Fenton, G.A. (1999). "Estimation for stochastic soil models," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(6), 470--485. PDF

  17. Fenton, G.A., and Vanmarcke, E.H. (1990). "Simulation of random fields via local average subdivision," ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 116(8), 1733--1749. PDF

  18. Fenton, G.A., and Vanmarcke, E.H. (1992). "Simulation-based excursion statistics," ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 118(6), 1129--1145. PDF

  19. Guan, X.L., and Melchers, R.E. (2001). "Effect of response surface parameter variation on structural reliability estimates," Structural Safety, 23, 429-444.

  20. Goh, A.T.C., and Kulhawy, F.H. (2003). "Neural network approach to model the limit state surface for reliability analysis," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 40(6), 1235-1244.

  21. Jiang, S.H., Li, D.Q., Zhou C.B., and Zhang, L.M. (2014). "Capabilities of stochastic response surface method and response surface method in reliability analysis," Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 49(1): 111-128.

  22. Journel, A.G., and Huijbregts, Ch.J. (1978). Mining Geostatistics, Academic, New York.

  23. Kulhawy, F.H., Roth, M.J.S., and Grigoriu, M.D. (1991). "Some statistical evaluations of geotechnical properties," in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Appl. Statistical Problems in Civil Engineering (ICASP6), Mexico City, pp. 705--712.

  24. Leadbetter, M.R., Lindgren, G. and Rootzen, H. (1983). Extremes and Related Properties of Random Sequences and Processes, Springer-Verlag, New York.

  25. Li, D.Q., Wu, S.B., Zhou C.B., and Phoon, K.K. (2012). "Performance of translation approach for modeling correlated non-normal variables," Structural Safety, DOI: 10.1016/j.strusafe.2012.08.001.

  26. Li, D.Q., Phoon, K.K., Wu, S.B., Chen, Y.F., and Zhou, C.B. (2012). "Impact of translation approach for modelling correlated non-normal variables on parallel system reliability," Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, DOI: 10.1080/15732479.2011.652968.

  27. Li, D.Q., Jiang, S.H., Chen, Y.G., and Zhou C.B. (2013). "A comparative study of three collocation point methods for odd order stochastic response surface method," Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 45(5): 595-611.

  28. Li, D.Q., Jiang, S.H., Wu, S.B., Zhou, C.B., and Zhang, L.M. (2013). "Modeling multivariate distribution using Monte Carlo simulation for reliability analysis with complex performance function," Journal of Risk and Reliability, 227(2): 109-118.

  29. Li, D.Q., Phoon, K.K., Wu, S.B., Chen, Y.F., and Zhou C.B. (2013). "Impact of translation approach for modelling correlated non-normal variables on parallel system reliability," Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 9(10): 969-982.

  30. Li, D.Q., Jiang, S.H., Chen, Y.G., and Zhou C.B. (2014). "Reliability analysis of serviceability performance of underground cavern using stochastic response surface method," Environmental Earth Sciences, 71(3): 1169-1182.

  31. Low, B.K., and Tang, W.H. (2007). "Efficient spreadsheet algorithm for first-order reliability method," Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 133(12), 1378-1387.

  32. Low, B.K., Zhang, J., and Tang, W.H. (2011). "Efficient system reliability analysis illustrated for a retaining wall and a soil slope," Computers and Geotechnics, 38(2), 196-204.

  33. Melchers, R.E. (1999). Structural Reliability Analysis and Prediction, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.

  34. Paice, G.M. (1997). "Finite element analysis of stochastic soils," Ph.D. Thesis, University of Manchester, Dept. Civil Engineering, Manchester, United Kingdom.

  35. Rosenblueth, E. (1975). "Point estimates for probability moments," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 72(10), 3812--3814.

  36. Rosenblueth, E. (1981). "Two-point estimates in probabilities," Applied Mathematical Modelling, 5, 329--335.

  37. Tang, X.S., Li, D.Q., Zhou C.B, Phoon, K.K., and Zhang, L.M. (2013). "Impact of copulas for modeling bivariate distributions on system reliability," Structural Safety, 44, 80-90.

  38. Tang, X.S., Li, D.Q., Zhou, C.B., and Zhang, L.M. (2013). "Bivariate distribution models using copulas for reliability analysis," Journal of Risk and Reliability, 227(5): 499-512.

  39. Vanmarcke, E.H. (1984). Random Fields: Analysis and Synthesis, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

  40. Yaglom, A.M. (1962). An Introduction to the Theory of Stationary Random Functions, Dover, Mineola, NY.

  41. Zhang, J., Zhang, L.M., and Tang, W.H. (2011). "Kriging numerical models for geotechnical reliability analysis," Soils and Foundations, 51(6), 1169-1177.

Probabilistic Ground Models

  1. Asaoka, A. and Grivas, D.A. (1982). "Spatial variability of the undrained strength of clays," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 108(5), 743--756.

  2. Cherubini, C. (1997). "Data and considerations on the variability of geotechnical properties of soils," in Proc. Int. Conf. Safety and Reliability, ESREL 97, 2, Lisbon, 1583--1591.

  3. Ching, J. and Phoon, K.K. (2013). Mobilized shear strength of spatially variable soils under simple stress states, Structural Safety, 41, 20-28.

  4. Ching, J. and Phoon, K.K. (2013). Effect of element sizes in random field finite element simulations of soil shear strength, Computers and Structures, 126, 120-134.

  5. Ching, J. and Phoon, K.K. (2013). Probability distribution for mobilized shear strengths of spatially variable soils under uniform stress states, Georisk, 7(3), 209-224.

  6. Ching, J., Phoon, K.K., and Kao, P.H. (2014). Mean and variance of the mobilized shear strengths for spatially variable soils under uniform stress states, ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 140(3), 487-501.

  7. Chok, Y.H., Jaksa, M.B., Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A., and Kaggwa, W.S. (2007). "A parametric study on reliability of spatially random cohesive soils", Australian Geomechanics, 42(2), pp. 7985.

  8. DeGroot, D.J. and Baecher, G.B. (1993). "Estimating autocovariance of in-situ soil properties," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 119(1), 147--166.

  9. DeGroot, D.J. (1996). "Analyzing spatial variability of in-situ properties," in Uncertainty in the Geologic Environment: From Theory to Practice, Geotechnical Special Publications No. 58, C.D. Shackelford et al., Eds., American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 210--238.

  10. Fenton, G.A. (1999). "Random field modeling of CPT data," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(6), 486--498. PDF

  11. Griffiths, D.V., Paiboon, J, Huang, J. and Fenton, G.A. (2012). "Homogenization of geomaterials containing voids by random fields and finite elements," International Journal of Solids and Structures, 49, 2006-2014.

  12. Hu, Y.G. and Ching, J. (2014). The critical scale of fluctuation for active lateral forces, Computers and Geotechnics, 57, 24-29.

  13. Jha, S.K. and Ching, J. (2013). Simulating spatial averages of stationary random field using Fourier series method, ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 139(5), 594-605.

  14. Krahn, J., and Fredlund, D.G. (1983). "Variability in the engineering properties of natural soil deposits," in Proc 4th Int Conf Appl Stats Prob Soils Struct Eng, Universita di Firenze, 1017--1029.

  15. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Ouyang, S. (1986). "Probabilistic modeling of shear strength of rock discontinuities using direct shear test data," in Proceedings of the 27th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 112--120.

  16. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Ouyang, S. (1987). "Target detection probabilities for continuous line search," ASCE Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 1(1), 1--19.

  17. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Miller, K.M. (1987). "A scheme for estimating the spatial variation of soil properties in three dimensions," in Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Soil and Structural Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, 669--677.

  18. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Southworth, R. (1987). "Modeling and prediction of spatial variability of soil properties in one dimension, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Prediction and Performance in Geotechnical Engineering, Calgary, Canada, 429--437.

  19. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1987). "Modeling of cyclical stratigraphy using markov chains," International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering, 5, 121--130.

  20. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1987). "A computer simulation technique to study probability of detection of geologic targets," Application of Computers and Mathematics in the Mineral Industry, 20, 271--278.

  21. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1988). "Probabilistic characterization of shear strength parameters using triaxial test data," ASTM STP on Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soil and Rock, 553--566.

  22. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Ghosh, A. (1988). "An investigation into accuracy of spatial variation estimation using static cone penetrometer data," in Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Penetration Testing, Orlando, Florida, 815--822.

  23. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1988). "A probabilistic incremental linear elastic constitutive relationship which incorporates spatial variation of soil moduli", in Proceedings of the Symposium on Reliability-Based Design in Civil Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland, 1, 285--294.

  24. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Varatharajah, P. (1989). "A weighted regression approach to model and predict spatial variability of soil properties in one dimension," in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer and Physical Modelling in Geotechnical Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand, 279--285.

  25. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Wathugala, D.N., Poulton, M., and Stephansson, O. (1990) "Analysis of structural homogeneity of rock masses," International Journal of Engineering Geology, 29, 195--211.

  26. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Panda, B.B., and Fiedler, R. (1996). "Fractal dimension and the first invariant of fracture tensor of fracture networks as measures of statistical homogeneity of jointed rock masses," in Proc. 2nd NARMS, Montreal, Canada, 1779--1786.

  27. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Fiedler, R. and Panda, B.B. (1997). "Box fractal dimension as a measure of statistical homogeneity of jointed rock masses," International Journal of Engineering Geology, 48(3-4), 217--230.

  28. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Um, J. (2003). "Spatial variation of cone tip resistance for the clay site at Texas A & M University", International Journal of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 21(2), 149--165.

  29. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Park, J., Balasingam, P., and McKenna, S.A. (2007). "Hierarchical probabilistic regionalization of volcanism for Sengan region, Japan", International Journal of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 25(1), 79--102.

  30. Kulhawy, F.H., Roth, M.J.S. and Grigoriu, M.D. (1991). "Some statistical evaluations of geotechnical properties," in Proc 6th Int Conf Appl Stats Prob Civ Eng, L. Eseva and S.E. Ruiz, Eds, London, Vol II, Mexico City, 705--712.

  31. Lacasse, S., and Nadim, F. (1996). "Uncertainties in characterizing soil properties," in ASCE Uncertainties'96 Conference Proceedings, C.H. Benson, Ed., Madison, WI, 49--75.

  32. Li, D.Q., Tang, X.S., Zhou C.B., Phoon, K.K. (2012). "Uncertainty analysis of correlated non-normal geotechnical parameters using Gaussian Copula," Science in China Series E, DOI: 10.1007/s11431-012-4937-z.

  33. Lumb, P. (1966). "The variability of natural soils," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 3(2), 74-97.

  34. Lumb, P. (1966). "Applications of statistics in soil mechanics," Chapter 3 in Soil Mechanics-New horizons, I.K. Lee, Ed., London, Newnes-Butterworths, 44--111.

  35. Phoon, K.K., and Kulhawy, F.H. (1999). "Characterization of geotechnical variability," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36, 612--624.

  36. Phoon, K.K., and Kulhawy, F.H. (1999). "Evaluation of geotechnical property variability," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36(4), 625--639.

  37. Nadim, F. (2007). "Tools and strategies for dealing with uncertainty in geotechnics," in Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, D.V. Griffiths and G.A. Fenton, Eds., Springer Wien, New York.

  38. Soulie, M., Montes, P., and Silvestri, V. (1990). "Modelling spatial variability of soil parameters," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27(5), 617--630.

  39. Stuedlein, A.W. (2011) "Random Field Model Parameters for Columbia River Silt," Proceedings, GeoRisk, Geotechnical Specialty Publication No. 224, ASCE, Reston, VA.

  40. Stuedlein, A.W., Kramer, S.L., Arduino, P., and Holtz, R.D. (2012) "Geotechnical characterization and random field modeling of desiccated clay," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(11).

  41. Tang, W.H. (1984). "Principles of probabilistic characterization of soil properties," Proc. Symp. Probabilistic Characterization of Soil Properties, D.S. Bowles and Hon-Kim Ko, Eds., 74--89.

  42. Tang, W.H., Sidi, I., and Gilbert, R.B. (1989) "Average property in a random two-state medium," Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 115(1), 131--144.

  43. Uzielli, M., Vannucchi, G., and Phoon, K.K. (2005). "Random field characterisation of stress-normalised cone penetration testing parameters," Géotechnique, 55(1), 3-20.

  44. Vanmarcke, E.H. (1977). "Probabilistic modeling of soil profiles," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 103(GT11), 1227--1246.

  45. Wickremesinghe, D., and Campanella, R.G. (1993). "Scale of fluctuation as a descriptor of soil variability," in Prob. Methods in Geotech. Eng., K.S. Li and S.-C.R. Lo, Eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, 233--239.

Geotechnical Design Codes and Manuals

  1. AASHTO (2007). LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.

  2. Australian Standard (2004). Bridge Design, Part 3: Foundations and Soil-Supporting Structures, AS 5100.3--2004, Sydney, Australia.

  3. Australian Standard (2002). Earth-Retaining Structures, AS 4678--2004, Sydney, Australia.

  4. Canadian Geotechnical Society (2006). Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, 4th Ed., Montreal, Quebec.

  5. Canadian Standards Association (1981). Guidelines for the Development of Limit States Design, Canadian Standards Association Special Publication S408-1981 (R2001), Rexdale, Ont.

  6. Canadian Standards Association (2006). Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code, CAN/CSA Standard S6-06, CSA International, Rexdale, Ontario.

  7. Ching. J., Phoon, K.K., Chen, J.R., and Park, J.H. (2013). Robustness of constant LRFD factors for drilled shafts in multiple strata, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 139(7), 1104-1114.

  8. EN 1997-1 (2003). Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design -- Part 1: General rules, CEN (European Committee for Standardization), Brussels.

  9. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) (1991). Manuals for the Design of Bridge Foundations, Report 343, NCHRP, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

  10. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) (2004). Load and Resistance Factors for Earth Pressures on Bridge Substructures and Retaining Walls, Report 12-55, NCHRP, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

  11. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) (2010). LRFD Design and Construction of Shallow Foundations for Highway Bridge Structures, Report 651, NCHRP, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

  12. National Research Council (NRC) (2010). National Building Code of Canada, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.

  13. National Research Council (NRC) (2010). User's Guide -- NBC 2010 Structural Commentaries (Part 4 of Division B), 2nd ed., National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.

  14. Phoon, K.K. and Ching, J. (2013). Can we do better than the constant partial factor design format? Modern Geotechnical Design Codes of Practice ¡V Implementation, Application, and Development, IOS Press, 295-310.

  15. Phoon, K.K., Ching, J., and Chen, J.R. (2013). Performance of reliability-based design code formats for foundations in layered soils, Computers and Structures, 126, 100-106.

Reliability-Based Design

  1. Allen, D.E. (1975). "Limit states design: A probabilistic study," Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 36(2), 36--49.

  2. Allen, T.M (2005). "Development of geotechnical resistance factor and downdrag load factors for LRFD foundation strength limit state design," Federal Highway Administration, Publication No. FHWA-NHI-05-052, US Department of Transportation.

  3. Barker, R.M., Duncan, J.M., Rojiani, K.B., Ooi, P.S.K., Tan, C.K., and Kim, S.G. (1991). Manuals for the Design of Bridge Foundations, NCHRP Report 343, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.

  4. Becker, D.E. (1996). "Eighteenth Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: Limit states design for foundations. Part I. An overview of the foundation design process," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33, 956--983.

  5. Becker, D.E. (1996). "Eighteenth Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: Limit states design for foundations. Part II. Development for the National Building Code of Canada," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 33, 984--1007.

  6. Ching, J. (2009). "Equivalence between reliability and factor of safety," Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, 24(2), 159--171.

  7. Ching, J., and Hsu, W.C. (2008). "Transforming reliability limit-state constraints into deterministic limit-state constraints," Structural Safety, 30(1), 11-33.

  8. Ching, J., Liao, H.J., and Sue, C.W. (2008). "Calibration of reliability-based resistance factors for flush drilled soil anchors in Taipei basin," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134(9), 1348-1363.

  9. Ching, J., and Phoon, K.K. (2011). "A quantile-based approach for calibrating reliability-based partial factors," Structural Safety, 33, 275-285.

  10. Ching, J. and Phoon, K.K. (2013). Quantile value method versus design value method for calibration of reliability-based geotechnical codes, Structural Safety, 44, 47-58.

  11. Cornell, C.A. (1969). "A probability-based structural code," Journal of the American Concrete Institute, 66(12), 974--985.

  12. Ditlevson, O. (1973). Structural Reliability and the Invariance Problem, Research Report No. 22, Solid Mechanics Division, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.

  13. Duncan, J.M. (2000). "Factors of safety and reliability in geotechnical engineering," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 126(4), 307--316.

  14. Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V. and Zhang, X.Y. (2008). "Load and resistance factor design of shallow foundations against bearing failure," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 45(11), 1556-1571.

  15. Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V., and Ojomo, O.O. (2011). "Consequence factors in the ultimate limit state design of shallow foundations", Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48(2), 265-279.

  16. Foye, K.C., Salgado, R., and Scott, B. (2006). "Assessment of variable uncertainties for reliability-based design of foundations," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(9), 1197--1207.

  17. Foye, K.C., Salgado, R., and Scott, B. (2006). "Resistance factors for use in shallow foundation LRFD," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(9), 1208--1218.

  18. Freudenthal, A.M. (1956). "Safety and the probability of structure failure," Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 121, 1337--1375.

  19. Goldsworthy, J.S., Jaksa, M.B., Fenton, G.A., Kaggwa, W.S., Griffiths, D.V., and Poulos, H.G. (2007). "Effect of sample location on the reliability based design of pad foundations," Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 1(3), 155--166.

  20. Hansen, B. (1956). Limit Design and Safety Factors in Soil Mechanics, Bulletin No. 1, Danish Geotechnical Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.

  21. Hasofer, A.M., and Lind, N.C. (1974). "Exact and invariant second-moment code format, " ASCE Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 100, 111--121.

  22. Honjo, Y., Suzuki, M., Shirato, M., and Fukui, J. (2002). "Determination of partial factors for a vertically loaded pile based on reliability analysis," Soils and Foundations, 42(5), 91-109.

  23. Lumb, P. (1970). "Safety factors and the probability distribution of soil strength," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 7, 225--242.

  24. Madsen, H.O., Krenk, S. and Lind, N.C. (1986). Methods of Structural Safety, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

  25. Phoon, K.K., Ching, J., and Chen, J.R. (2011). "How Reliable Are Reliability-Based Multiple Factor Code Formats?," in 3rd International Symposium on Geotechnical Safety and Risk (ISGSR2011), Munich, 2-3 June.

  26. Phoon, K.K., Kulhawy, F.H. and Grigoriu, M.D. (2003). "Development of a reliability-based design framework for transmission line structure foundations," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129(9), 798--806.

  27. Phoon, K.K., Kulhawy, F.H. and Grigoriu, M.D. (2003). "Multiple resistance factor design for shallow transmission line structure foundations," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129(9), 807--818.

  28. Phoon, K.K., Kulhawy, F.H. and Grigoriu, M.D. (2003). "Multiple resistance factor design for shallow transmission line structure foundations," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129(9), 807--818.

  29. Stuedlein, A.W., Neely, W.J., and Gurtowski, T.G. (2012) "Reliability-based Design of Augered Cast-In-Place Piles in Granular Soils," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(6).

  30. Wang, Y. (2009). "Reliability-based economic design optimization of spread foundations," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(7), 954-959.

  31. Wang, Y. (2011). "Reliability-based design of spread foundations by Monte Carlo Simulations,"Géotechnique, 61(8), 677-685.

  32. Wang, Y., Au, S.K., and Kulhawy F.H. (2011). "Expanded reliability-based design approach for drilled shafts," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 137(2), 140-149.

  33. Wang, Y. and Kulhawy, F.H. (2008). "Reliability index for serviceability limit state of building foundations," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134(11), 1587--1594.

  34. Wang, Y., and Kulhawy, F.H. (2008). "Economic design optimization of foundations," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134(8), 1097-1105.

  35. Withiam, J.L., et al. (2001). Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Highway Bridge Substructures, Report No. FHWA HI-98-032, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D. C.

  36. Zhang, J., Zhang, L.M., and Tang, W.H. (2011). "Reliability-Based Optimization of Geotechnical Systems," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 137(12), 1211-1221.

Bearing Capacity

  1. Babu, G.L.S., Srivastava, A. and Murthy, D.S.N. (2006). "Reliability analysis of the bearing capacity of a shallow foundation resting on cohesive soil," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 43, 217--223.

  2. Cherubini, C. (2000). "Reliability evaluation of shallow foundation bearing capacity on c', φ' soils," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 37, 264--269.

  3. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (2001). "Bearing capacity of spatially random c - φ soils," in Proc. 10th Int. Conf. on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG 01), Tucson, AZ, 1411--1415.

  4. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V. (2003). "Bearing capacity prediction of spatially random c - φ soils," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 40(1), 54--65. PDF

  5. Fenton, G.A., Zhang, X.Y. and Griffiths, D.V. (2007). "Reliability of shallow foundations designed against bearing failure using LRFD," Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 1(4), 202--215. PDF

  6. Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V. and Zhang, X.Y. (2008). "Load and resistance factor design of shallow foundations against bearing failure", Canadian Geotechical Journal, 45(11), 1556--1571. PDF

  7. Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A. (2000). "Bearing capacity of heterogeneous soils by finite elements," in Proc. 5th Int. Congress on Numerical Methods in Engineering and Scientific Applications (CIMENICS'00), N. Troyani and M. Cerrolaza, Eds., Sociedad Venezolana de Métodos Numéricos en Ingenier\'ia, pp. CI 27--37.

  8. Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A. (2001). "Bearing capacity of spatially random soil: The undrained clay Prandtl problem revisited," Géotechnique, 51(4), 351--359. PDF

  9. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A. and Manoharan, N. (2002). "Bearing capacity of a rough rigid strip footing on cohesive soil: A probabilistic study," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 128(9), 743--755. PDF

  10. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A. and Manoharan, N. (2006). "Undrained bearing capacity of two strip footings on spatially random soil," International Journal of Geomechanics, 6(6), 421--427. PDF

  11. Li, D.Q., Qi, X.H., Zhou, C.B., and Phoon, K.K. (2013). "Effect of spatial variability of shear strength parameters that increase linearly with depth on reliability of infinite slopes," Structural Safety, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2013.08.005.

  12. Manoharan, N., Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A. (2001). "A probabilistic study of rough strip footing on cohesive soil," in 6th U.S. National Congress on Computational Mechanics (VI USACM), University of Michigan, Dearborn, MI, p. 257.

Deep Foundations

  1. Chan, C.L., and Low, B.K. (2009). "Reliability analysis of laterally loaded piles involving nonlinear soil and pile behavior," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(3), 431-443.

  2. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V. (2007). "Reliability-based deep foundation design," in Probabilistic Applications in Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publications No. 170, Proc. Geo-Denver 2007 Symposium, American Society of Civil Engineers, Denver, Colorado.

  3. Haldar, S. and Babu, G.L.S. (2008). "Load and resistance factor design of axially loaded pile based on load test results," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134(8), 1106--1117.

  4. Haldar, S., and Babu, G.L.S. (2008). "Effect of soil spatial variability on the response of laterally loaded pile in undrained clay," Computers and Geotechnics, 35(4), 537-547.

  5. Klammler, H., McVay, M., Horhota, D., and Lai, P. (2010). "Influence of spatially variable side friction on single drilled shaft resistance and LRFD resistance factors," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(8), 1114--1123.

  6. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Lacasse, S. (1991). "Probabilistic equivalent linear soil spring stiffness analysis for gravity platforms: Conceptual model," Computers and Geotechnics, 12, 1--28.

  7. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Lacasse, S., and Gabr, M.A. (1991). "Probabilistic equivalent linear soil spring stiffness analysis for gravity platforms: Illustrative example", Computers and Geotechnics, 12, 29--54.

  8. Li, D.Q., Zhang, L.M., and Tang, W.H. (2005). "Reliability evaluation of cross-hole sonic logging for bored pile integrity," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 131(9), 1130--1138.

  9. Li, D.Q., Tang, W.H., and Zhang, L.M. (2008). "Updating occurrence probability and size of defect for bored piles," Structural Safety. 30(2), 130--143.

  10. Li, D.Q., Tang, X.S., Phoon, K.K., Chen, Y.F., and Zhou C.B. (2013). "Bivariate simulation using copula and its application to probabilistic pile settlement analysis," International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 37(6): 597-617.

  11. McVay, M.C., Birgisson, B., Zhang, L.M., Perez, A., and Putcha, S. (2000). "Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) for driven piles using dynamic methods - A Florida perspective," Geotechnical Testing Journal, 23(1), 55-66.

  12. McVay, M.C., Ellis, R., Birgisson, B., Consolazio, G., and Lee, S.M., (2003). "Load and resistance factor design, cost, and risk: Designing a drilled-shaft load test program in Florida limestone," Transportation Research Record, 1849(12), 98-106.

  13. Misra, A., and Roberts, L.A. (2006). "Probabilistic analysis of drilled shaft service limit state using the `t-z' method," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 43, 1324--1332.

  14. Paikowsky, S.G., Birgisson, B., McVay, M., Nguyen, T., Kuo, C., Baecher, G., Ayyab, B., Stenersen, K., O'Malley, K., Chernauskas, L., and O'Neill, M. (2004). Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Deep Foundations, NCHRP Rep. No. 507, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D. C.

  15. Phoon, K.K., Quek, S.T., Chow, Y.K. and Lee, S.L. (1990). "Reliability analysis of pile settlement," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 116(11), 1717--1735.

  16. Stuedlein, A.W. and Gurtowski, T.M. (2012) "Reliability of Shaft Resistance of Augered Cast-In-Place Piles in Granular Soils," Full-Scale Testing and Foundation Design: Honoring Bengt H. Fellenius, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 227, ASCE, Reston, VA.,pp. 722-736.

  17. Roberts, L.A. and Misra, A. (2009). "Reliability-based design of deep foundations based on differential settlement criterion," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 46, 168--176.

  18. Yang, L. and Liang, R. (2009). "Incorporating setup into load and resistance factor design of driven piles in sand," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 46, 296--305.

  19. Tang, W.H. (1979). "Probabilistic evaluation of penetration resistances," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 105(10), 1173-1191.

  20. Tang, W.H., and Gilbert, R.B. (1993). "Case study of offshore pile system reliability," Proc., 25th Offshore Technology Conference, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Houston, Texas, 677-686.

  21. Wu, T.H., Tang, W.H., Sangrey, D.A., and Baecher, G.B. (1989). "Reliability of offshore Foundations - state of art," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 115(2), 157-178.

  22. Wu, T.H., Kjekstad, O., Lee, I.M., and Lacasse, S. (1989). "Reliability analysis of foundation stability for gravity platforms in the North Sea," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 26, 359-368.

  23. Xu, Y., and Zhang, L.M. (2007). "Settlement ratios of pile groups in sandy soils from field load tests," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(8), 1048-1054.

  24. Yang, L., and Liang, R. (2006). "Incorporating set-up into reliability-based design of driven piles in clay," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 43, 946--955.

  25. Zhang, L.M. (2004). "Reliability verification using proof pile load tests," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(11), 1203-1213.

  26. Zhang, L.M., and Chu, L.F. (2009). "Calibration of methods for designing large-diameter bored piles: Ultimate limit state," Soils and Foundations, 49(6), 883-896.

  27. Zhang, L.M., and Chu, L.F. (2009). "Calibration of methods for designing large-diameter bored piles: Serviceability limit state," Soils and Foundations, 49(6), 897-908.

  28. Zhang, L.M., and Dasaka, S.M. (2010). "Uncertainties in geologic profiles vs. variability in pile founding depths," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(11), 1475-1488.

  29. Zhang, L.M., Li, D.Q., and Tang, W.H. (2006). "Impact of routine quality assurance on reliability of bored piles," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(5), 622--630.

  30. Zhang, L.M., Li, D.Q., and Tang, W.H. (2006). "Level of construction control and safety of driven piles," Soils and Foundations, 46(4), 415--426.

  31. Zhang, L.M., Li, D.Q., and Tang, W.H. (2005). "Reliability of bored pile foundations considering bias in failure criteria," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 42(4), 1086--1093.

  32. Zhang, L.M., and Ng, Agnes, M.Y. (2005). "Probabilistic limiting tolerable displacements for serviceability limit state design of foundations," Géotechnique, 55(2), 151-161

  33. Zhang, L.M., Tang, W.H., and Ng, C.W.W. (2001). "Reliability of axially loaded driven pile groups," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127(12), 1051-1060.

Groundwater and Earth Dams

  1. Dagan, G. (1979). "Models of groundwater flow in statistically homogeneous porous formations," Water Resources Research, 15(1), 47--63.

  2. Dagan, G. (1981). "Analysis of flow through heterogeneous random aquifers by the method of embedding matrix: 1, Steady flow," Water Resources Research, 17(1), 107--122.

  3. Dagan, G. (1986). "Statistical theory of groundwater flow and transport: Pore to laboratory, laboratory to formation, and formation to regional scale," Water Resources Research, 22(9), 120S--134S.

  4. Dagan, G. (1989). Flow and Transport in Porous Formations, Springer-Verlag, New York.

  5. Dagan, G. (1993). "Higher-order correction of effective conductivity of heterogeneous formations of lognormal conductivity distribution," Transport in Porous Media, 12, 279--290.

  6. Dykaar, B.B., and Kitanidis, P.K. (1992). "Determination of the effective hydraulic conductivity for heterogeneous porous media using a numerical spectral approach: 1, Method," Water Resources Research, 28(4), 1155--1166.

  7. Dykaar, B.B., and Kitanidis, P.K. (1992). "Determination of the effective hydraulic conductivity for heterogeneous porous media using a numerical spectral approach: 2, Results," Water Resources Research, 28(4), 1167--1178.

  8. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (1993). "Statistics of block conductivity through a simple bounded stochastic medium," Water Resources Research, 29(6), 1825--1830. PDF

  9. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (1995). "Flow through earthdams with spatially random permeability," in Proc. 10th ASCE Engineering Mechanics Conf., Boulder, CO, pp. 341--344.

  10. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (1996). "Statistics of free surface flow through a stochastic earth dam," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 122(6), 427--436. PDF

  11. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (1997). "A mesh deformation algorithm for free surface problems," International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 21(12), 817--824. PDF

  12. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (1997). "Extreme hydraulic gradient statistics in a stochastic earth dam," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 123(11), 995--1000. PDF

  13. Freeze, R.A. (1975). "A stochastic-conceptual analysis of one-dimensional groundwater flow in nonuniform homogeneous media," Water Resources Research, 11(5), 725--741.

  14. Gelhar, L.W. (1993). Stochastic Subsurface Hydrology, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

  15. Gelhar, L.W., and Axness, C.L. (1983). "Three-dimensional stochastic analysis of macrodispersion in aquifers," Water Resources Research, 19(1), 161--180.

  16. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A. (1993). "Seepage beneath water retaining structures founded on spatially random soil," Géotechnique, 43(4), 577--587.

  17. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A. (1995). "Observations on two- and three-dimensional seepage through a spatially random soil," in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering, Paris, France, 65--70.

  18. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A. (1997). "Three-dimensional seepage through spatially random soil," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 123(2), 153--160. PDF

  19. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A. (1998). "Probabilistic analysis of exit gradients due to steady seepage," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 124(9), 789--797. PDF

  20. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A., and Paice, G.M. (1996). "Reliability-based exit gradient design of water retaining structures," in Proc. ASCE Uncertainty'96 Conference, Madison, WI, pp. 518--534.

  21. Griffiths, D.V., Paice, G.M., and Fenton, G.A. (1994). "Finite element modeling of seepage beneath a sheet pile wall in spatially random soil," in Proc. Int. Conf. of the Int. Assoc. Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG 94), H.J. Siriwardane and M.M. Zaman, Eds., Morgantown, WV, pp. 1205--1210.

  22. Gutjahr, A.L., Gelhar, L.W., Bakr, A.A., and MacMillan, J.R. (1978). "Stochastic analysis of spatial variability in subsurface flows: 2, Evaluation and application," Water Resources Research, 14(5), 953--959.

  23. Juang, C.H., and Holtz, R.D. (1986). "A Probabilistic Permeability Model and the Pore Size Density Function," International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 10, 543--553.

  24. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1989). "Probabilistic potentiometric surface mapping", ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 115, 1569--1587.

  25. Marsily, G. (1985). "Spatial variability of properties in porous media: A stochastic approach," in Advances in Transport Phenomena in Porous Media, J. Bear and M.Y. Corapcioglu, NATO Advanced Study Institute on Fundamentals of Transport Phenomena in Porous Media, Dordrecht, pp. 719-769.

  26. Mostyn, G.R. (1983). "A statistical approach to characterising the permeability of a mass", Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Appl. of Stats., and Prob. in Soil and Struc. Eng., Universitá Firenze (Italy), Pitagora Editrice, 1031--1042

  27. Rubin, Y., and Gomez-Hernandez, J.J. (1990). "A stochastic approach to the problem of upscaling of conductivity in disordered media: Theory and unconditional numerical simulations," Water Resources Research, 26(4), 691--701.

  28. Smith, L., and Freeze, R.A. (1979). "Stochastic Analysis of Steady State Groundwater Flow in a Bounded Domain: 1. One-Dimensional Simulations," Water Resources Research, 15(3), 521--528.

  29. Smith, L., and Freeze, R.A. (1979). "Stochastic Analysis of Steady State Groundwater Flow in a Bounded Domain: 2) Two-Dimensional Simulations," Water Resources Research, 15(6), 1543--1559.

  30. Wang M., Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Panda, B.B., and Rucker, M.L. (2001). "Groundwater resources evaluation case study via discrete fracture fluid flow modeling", International Journal of Engineering Geology, 62(4), 267--291.

  31. Wang, M., Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Um, J., and Narvaiz, J. (2002). "Estimation of REV size and three dimensional hydraulic conductivity tensor for a fractured rock mass through a single well packer test and discrete fracture fluid flow modeling", in International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 39(7), 887--904.

  32. Wang, M. and Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (2008). "Understanding of hydraulic properties from configurations of stochastically distributed fracture networks", Journal of Hydrological Processes, 22(8), 1125--1135.

  33. Zhang, L.M., Xu, Y., Jia, J.S., and Zhao, C. (2011). "Diagnosis of embankment dam distresses using Bayesian networks. Part I. Global-level characteristics based on a dam distress database," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48(11), 1630--1644. doi:10.1139/T11-069.

  34. Xu, Y., Zhang, L.M., and Jia, J.S. (2011). "Diagnosis of embankment dam distresses using Bayesian networks. Part II. Diagnosis of a specific distressed dam," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48(11), 1645--1657.

Land/Groundwater Contamination

  1. Angulo, M., and Tang, W.H. (2000). "Optimal ground-water detection monitoring system design under uncertainty," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(6), 510--517.

  2. Butler, B., and Petts, J. (2000). "Land contamination risk assessment tools: An evaluation of some of the commonly used methods," R&D Technical Report P260. Bristol, Environment Agency, 131.

  3. Carey, M.A., Marsland, P.A., et al. (2006). "Remedial targets methodology: Hydrogeological risk assessment for land contamination," Bristol, Environment Agency, 129.

  4. Charles, J.A. (2004). "Building on brownfield sites: reducing the risks," GBG 59 Part 2. London, Building Research Establishment, 8.

  5. Charles, J.A., Chown, R.C., et al. (2002). "Brownfield sites: ground-related risks for buildings," London, BRE Centre for Ground Engineering and Remediation, 52.

  6. Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (2006). "Assessing risks from land contamination - a proportionate approach soil guideline values the way forward," DEFRA, 92.

  7. DETR, Environment Agency, et al. (2000). Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment and Management. London: 89.

  8. Environment Agency (2003). "Principles for evaluating the human health risks from petroleum hydrocarbons in soils: A consultation paper," Bristol, Environment Agency: 43.

  9. Environment Agency (2004). "Environment agency guidance on assessment of risks from landfill sites," Environment Agency: 82.

  10. Rudland, D. J., R. M. Lancefield, et al. (2001). "Contaminated land risk assessment: A guide to good practice," CIRIA C552. London, CIRIA: 162.

Retaining Structures

  1. Babu, G.L.S., and Basha, B.M. (2008). "Optimum design of cantilever sheet pile walls in sandy soils using inverse reliability approach," Computers and Geotechnics, 35(2), 134--143.

  2. Basha, B.M., and Babu, G.L.S. (2008). "Target reliability based design optimization of anchored cantilever sheet pile walls," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 45(4), 535--548.

  3. Basheer, I.A., and Najjar, Y.M. (1996). "Reliability-based design of reinforced earth retaining walls," Transportation Research Record, 1526, 64--78.

  4. Chalermyanont, T., and Benson, C.H. (2004). "Reliability-based design for internal stability of mechanically stabilized earth walls," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(2), 163--173.

  5. Cherubini, C., Garrasi, A., and Petrolla, C. (1992). "The reliability of an anchored sheet-pile wall embedded in cohesionless soil." Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 29(3), 426--435.

  6. Ching, J., Liao, H.-J., and Sue, J.-W. (2008). "Calibration of reliability-based resistance factors for flush drilled soil anchors in Taipei basin," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134(9), 1348--1363.

  7. Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V., and Williams, M.B. (2005). "Reliability of traditional retaining wall design," Géotechnique, 55(1), 55--62. PDF

  8. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A., and Tveten, D.E. (2005). "Probabilistic earth pressure analysis by the random finite element method," in Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG 05), Vol. 4, G. Barla and M. Barla, Eds., Turin, Italy, pp. 235--249.

  9. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A., and Ziemann, H.R. (2008). "Reliability of passive earth pressure," Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards, 2(2), 113--121. PDF

  10. Goh, A.T.C., Phoon, K.K., and Kulhawy, F.H. (2009). "Reliability analysis of partial safety factor design method for cantilever retaining walls in granular soils," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(5), 616--622.

  11. Hsiao, E.C.L., Schuster, M., Juang, C.H., and Kung, T.C. (2008). "Reliability analysis of excavation-induced ground settlement for building serviceability evaluation," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134(10), 1448--1458.

  12. Juang, C.H., Schuster, M.J., Ou, C.Y., and Phoon, K.K. (2012). "Fully probabilistic framework for evaluating excavation-induced building damage potential," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 137(2), 130--139.

  13. Low, B.K. (2005). "Reliability-based design applied to retaining walls," Géotechnique, 55(1), 63--75.

  14. Luo, Z., Atamturktur, H.S., Juang, C.H., Huang, H., and Lin, P.S. (2011). "Probability of serviceability failure in a braced excavation in a spatially random field: Fuzzy finite element approach," Computers and Geotechnics, 38, 1031--1040.

  15. Luo, Z., Atamturktur, H.S., Cai, Y., and Juang, C.H. (2012). "Simplified random-field framework for reliability-based design against basal-heave failure in a braced excavation in clay," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(4), 441--450.

  16. Luo, Z., Atamturktur, H.S., Cai, Y., and Juang, C.H. (2012). "Reliability analysis of basal-heave in a braced excavation in a 2-D random field," Computers and Geotechnics, 39, 27--37.

  17. Schuster, M.J., Juang, C.H., Roth, Mary J.S., and Rosowsky, D.V. (2008). "Reliability analysis of building serviceability problems caused by excavation," Géotechnique, 58(9), 743--749.

  18. Wu, S.S., Ou, C.Y., Ching, J., and Juang, C.H. (2011). "Reliability-based design for basal heave stability of deep excavations in spatially varying soils," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(5), 594--603.

  19. Wu, S.S., Ou, C.Y., Ching, J. and C.H. Juang (2012), Reliability-based design for basal heave stability of deep excavations in spatially varying soils, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(5), 594-603.

  20. Wu, S.H., Ching, J., and Ou, C.Y. (2013). Predicting wall displacements for excavations with cross walls in soft clay, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 139(6), 914-927.

  21. Yang, K.-H., Ching, J., and Zornbergm, J.G. (2011). "Reliability-based design for external stability of narrow mechanical stabilized earth walls - calibration from centrifuge tests," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 137(3), 239--253.

Seismic/Liquefaction

  1. Baker, J.W., and Faber, M.H. (2008). "Liquefaction risk assessment using geostatistics to account for soil spatial variability," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134(14), 1090--0241.

  2. Bennett, M.J., McLaughlin, P.V., Sarmiento, J.S., and Youd, T.L. (1984). "Geotechnical investigation of liquefaction sites, Imperial County, California," open-file report 84-252, U.S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA.

  3. Boissieres, H.P., and Vanmarcke, E.H. (1995). "Spatial correlation of earthquake ground motion: non-parametric estimation," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 14, 23--31.

  4. Cetin K.O., Kiureghian A.D., and Seed R.B. (2002). "Probabilistic models for the initiation of seismic soil liquefaction," Structural Safety, 4, 67--82.

  5. Chi, Y.Y., Lee, Y.F., Lee, D.H., Juang, C.H., and Wu, J.H. (2007). "Simplified models for assessing annual liquefaction probability - A case study of the Yuanlin area, Taiwan," Engineering Geology, 90(1-2), 71--88.

  6. Christian, J.T., and Swiger, W.F. (1975). "Statistics of liquefaction and SPT results," Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 101(11), 1135--1150.

  7. Chung, J.W., and Rogers, J.D. (2011). "Simplified method for spatial evaluation of liquefaction potential in the St. Louis Area," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 137(5), 505--515.

  8. Fardis, M.N., and Veneziano, D. (1982). "Probabilistic analysis of deposit liquefaction," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 108(3), 395--418.

  9. Fenton, G.A., and Vanmarcke, E.H. (1998). "Spatial variation in liquefaction risk," Géotechnique, 48(6), 819--831. PDF

  10. Haldar, A., and Tang, W.H. (1979). "Probabilistic evaluation of liquefaction potential," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 104(2), 145--162.

  11. Juang, C.H., Chen, C.J., Rosowsky, D.V., and Tang, W.H. (2000). "CPT-based liquefaction analysis. Part 2. Reliability for design," Géotechnique, 50(5), 593--599.

  12. Juang, C.H., Chen, C.J., Jiang, T., and Andrus, R.D. (2000). "Risk-based liquefaction potential evaluation using standard penetration tests," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 37(6), 1195--1208.

  13. Juang, C.H., Chen, C.J., and Jiang, T. (2001). "A probabilistic framework for liquefaction potential by shear wave velocity," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127(8), 670--678.

  14. Juang, C.H., Ching, J., Luo, Z., and Ku, C.S. (2012). "Models for probability of liquefaction using standard penetration tests: Development and application," Engineering Geology, 133, 85--93.

  15. Juang, C.H., Ching, J., Ku, C.S., and Hsieh, Y.H. (2012). "Unified CPTu-based probabilistic model for assessing probability of liquefaction of sand and clay," Géotechnique, 62(10), 877--892.

  16. Juang, C.H., Yuan, H., Lee, D.H., and Lin, P.S. (2003). "Simplified cone penetration test-based method for evaluation liquefaction resistance of soils," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129(1), 66--80.

  17. Juang, C.H., Yang, S.H., Yuan, H., and Khor, E.H. (2004). "Characterization of the uncertainty of Robertson and Wride model for liquefaction potential evaluation," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 24(9), 771--780.

  18. Juang, C.H., Fang, S.Y., and Khor, E.H. (2006). "First order reliability method for probabilistic liquefaction triggering analysis using CPT," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(3), 337--350.

  19. Juang, C.H., Rosowsky, D.V., and Tang, W.H. (1999). "Reliability-based method for assessing liquefaction potential of soils," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(8), 684--689.

  20. Juang, C.H., Yang, S.H., and Yuan, H. (2005). "On the Model Uncertainty of Shear Wave Velocity-Based Methods for Liquefaction Potential Evaluation," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 131(10), 1274--1282.

  21. Juang, C.H., Fang, S.Y., Tang, W.H., Khor, E.H., Kung, G.T.C., and Zhang, J. (2009). "Evaluating model uncertainty of an SPT-based simplified method for reliability analysis for probability of liquefaction," Soils and Foundations, 49(12), 135--152.

  22. Juang, C.H., Jiang, T., and Andrus, R.D. (2002). "Assessing probability-based methods for liquefaction evaluation," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 128(7), 580--589.

  23. Juang, C.H., Li, K., Fang, Y., Liu, Z., and Khor, E.H. (2008). "Simplified procedure for developing joint distribution of amax and Mw for probabilistic liquefaction hazard analysis," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134(8), 1050--1058.

  24. Juang, C.H., Lu, C.C., and Hwang, J.H. (2009). "Assessing probability of surface manifestation of liquefaction in a given exposure time using CPTU," Engineering Geology, 104, 223--231.

  25. Juang, C.H., Ou, C.Y., Lu, C.C., and Luo, Z. (2010). "Probabilistic framework for assessing liquefaction hazard at a given site in a specified exposure time using Standard Penetration Test," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 47(6), 674--687.

  26. Juang, C.H., Ching, J., and Luo, Z. (2013). Assessing SPT-based probabilistic models for liquefaction potential evaluation: a ten-year update, Georisk, 7(3), 137-150.

  27. Juang, C.H., Ching, J., Wang, L., Khoshnevisan, S., and Ku, C.S. (2013). Simplified procedure for estimation of liquefaction-induced settlement and site-specific probabilistic settlement hazard curve using CPT, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 50, 1055-1066.

  28. Ku, C.S., Juang, C.H. Chang, C.W., and Ching, J. (2012). "Probabilistic version of the Robertson and Wride method for liquefaction evaluation: Development and application," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 49(1), 27--44.

  29. Liao, S.S.C., Veneziano, D., and Whitman, R.V. (1988). "Regression models for evaluating liquefaction probability," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 114(4), 389--411.

  30. Lu, C.C., Hwang, J.H., Ku, C.S., Juang, C.H., and Luo, Z. (2009). "Framework for assessing probability of exceeding a specified liquefaction-induced settlement at a given site in a given exposure time," Engineering Geology, 108(1-2), 24--35.

  31. Moss, R.E.S., Seed, R.B., Kayen, R.E., Steward, J.P., and Der Kiureghian, A. (2006). "CPT-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of in-situ seismic soil liquefaction potential," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(8), 1302--1051.

  32. Youd, T.L., and Noble, S.K. (1997). "Liquefaction criteria based statistical and probabilistic analysis," Proc., NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils, Technical Rep. No. NCEER-97-0022, State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, N.Y., 201--216.

  33. Toprak, S., Holzer, T.L., Bennett, M.J., and Tinsley, J.C., III (1999). "CPT- and SPT-based probabilistic assessment of liquefaction," Proc., 7th US-Japan Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Counter-measures Against Liquefaction, Seattle, Multidisciplinary Center.

  34. Vanmarcke, E.H., Heredia-Zavoni, E., and Fenton, G.A. (1993). "Conditional simulation of spatially correlated earthquake ground motion," ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 119(11), 2333--2352. PDF

Shallow Foundation Settlement

  1. Baecher, G.B., and Ingra, T.S. (1981). "Stochastic FEM in settlement predictions," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 107(4), 449--464.

  2. Ching, J., Hu, Y.G., Yang, Z.Y., Shiao, J.Q., Chen, J.C., and Li, Y.S., (2011). "Reliability-based design for allowable bearing capacity by considering differential settlement on highly fractured rock masses," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 48, 728--740.

  3. Christian, J.T., and Carrier, W.D. (1978). "Janbu, Bjerrum and Kjaernsli's chart reinterpreted," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 15, 123--128.

  4. D'Appolonia, D.J., D'Appolonia, E., and Brissette, R.F. (1968). "Settlement of spread footings on sand," ASCE Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 94(SM3), 735--760.

  5. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (2002). "Probabilistic foundation settlement on spatially random soil," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 128(5), 381--390. PDF

  6. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (2005). "Three-dimensional probabilistic foundation settlement," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 131(2), 232--239. PDF

  7. Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V., and Cavers, W. (2005). "Resistance factors for settlement design," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 42(5), 1422--1436. PDF

  8. Fenton, G.A., Paice, G.M., and Griffiths, D.V. (1996). "Probabilistic analysis of foundation settlement," in Proc. ASCE Uncertainty'96 Conf., Madison, WI, 651--665.

  9. Fenton, G.A., Zhou, H., Jaksa, M.B., and Griffiths, D.V. (2003). "Reliability analysis of a strip footing designed against settlement," in Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering (ICASP9), A. Kiureghian \etal, Eds., Millpress, San Francisco, 1271--1277.

  10. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A. (2005). "Probabilistic settlement analysis of rectangular footings," in Proc. XVI Int. Conf. Soil Mech. Geotech. Eng. (ICSMGE), Millpress Science, Osaka, Japan, 1041--1044.

  11. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A. (2009). "Probabilistic settlement analysis by stochastic and random finite element methods," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(11), 1629--1637.

  12. Paice, G.M., Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A. (1994). "Influence of spatially random soil stiffness on foundation settlements," in ASCE Settlement'94 Conference, A.T. Young and G.Y. Félio, Eds., American Society of Civil Engineers, Texas A\&M University, 628--639.

  13. Paice, G.M., Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A. (1996). "Finite element modeling of settlements on spatially random soil," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 122(9), 777--779.

  14. Stuedlein, A.W., Kramer, S.L., Arduino, P., and Holtz, R.D. (2012) "Reliability of Spread Footing Performance in Desiccated Clay," Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(11).

Site Investigation

  1. Ching, J., Phoon, K.-K., and Chen, Y.-C. (2010). "Reducing shear strength uncertainties in clays by multivariate correlations," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 47(1), 16--33.

  2. Ching, J., Phoon, K.K., and Huang, W.C. (2011). "Constructing joint distributions of multivariate geotechnical data," in Proceedings of GeoRisk 2011: Geotechnical Risk Assessment and Management, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publications No. 224, Atlanta, USA, 1141--1148.

  3. Ching, J. and Phoon, K.K. (2012), Establishment of generic transformations for geotechnical design parameters, Structural Safety, 35, 52-62.

  4. Ching, J. and Phoon, K.K. (2012). Modeling parameters of structured clays as a multivariate normal distribution, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 49(5), 522-545.

  5. Ching, J., Chen, J.R., Yeh, J.Y. and Phoon, K.K. (2012), Updating uncertainties in friction angles of clean sands, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(2), 217-229. (replace the one that is already in the list)

  6. Ching, J. and Phoon, K.K. (2012). Value of geotechnical site investigation in reliability-based design, Advances in Structural Engineering, 15(11), 1935-1945.

  7. Ching, J., Phoon, K.K., and Lee, W.T. (2013). Second-moment characterization of undrained shear strengths from different test procedures, Foundation Engineering in the Face of Uncertainty, Geotechnical Special Publication honoring Professor F. H. Kulhawy, 308-320.

  8. Ching, J. and Phoon, K.K. (2013). Multivariate distribution for undrained shear strengths under various test procedures, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 50(9), 907-923.

  9. Ching, J., Phoon, K.K., and Chen, C.H. (2014). Modeling CPTU parameters of clays as a multivariate normal distribution, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 51(1), 77-91.

  10. Ching, J., Phoon, K.K., and Yu, J.W. (2014). Linking site investigation efforts to final design savings with simplified reliability-based design methods, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(3), 04013032.

  11. Halim, I.S., and Tang, W.H. (1993). "Site exploration strategy for geologic anomaly characterization." ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 119(2), 195--213.

  12. Institution of Civil Engineers (1991). Inadequate Site Investigation, Thomas Telford, London.

  13. Jaksa, M.B., Goldsworthy, J.S., Fenton, G.A., Kaggwa, W.S., Griffiths, D.V., Kuo, Y.L., and Poulos, H.G. (2005). "Towards reliable and effective site investigations," Géotechnique, 55(2), 109--121.

  14. Phoon, K.K., Ching, J., and Huang, H.W. (2012). Examination of multivariate dependency structure in soil parameters. GeoCongress 2012: State of the Art and Practice in Geotechnical Engineering (GSP 225), Proceedings of the GeoCongress 2012, Oakland, USA, 2952-2960.

  15. Phoon, K.K. and Ching, J. (2013). Multivariate model for soil parameters based on Johnson distributions, Foundation Engineering in the Face of Uncertainty, Geotechnical Special Publication honoring Professor F. H. Kulhawy, 337-353.

  16. Tang, W.H. (1987). "Updating anomaly statistics - single anomaly cases," Structural Safety, 4(2), 151--163.

  17. Tang, W.H., and Halim, I. (1988). "Updating anomaly statistics - multiple anomaly pieces," ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 114(6), 1091--1096.

Slopes and Embankments

  1. Alonso, E.E. (1976). "Risk analysis of slopes and its application to slopes in Canadian sensitive clays," Géotechnique, 26, 453--472.

  2. Bhattacharya, G., Jana D., Ojha S., Chakraborty S. (2003). "Direct search for minimum reliability index of earth slopes," Computers and Geotechnics, 30(6), 455--62.

  3. Babu, G.S.L., and Murthy, D.S.N. (2005). "Reliability analysis of unsaturated soil slopes," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 131(11), 1423--1428.

  4. Bahsan, E., Liao, H.J., and Ching, J. (2014), Statistics for the calculated safety factors of undrained failure slopes, Engineering Geology, 172, 85-94.

  5. Call, R.D. (1985). "Probability of stability design of open pit slopes," In Rock Masses: Modeling of Underground Openings/Probability of Slope Failure/Fracture of Intact Rock, Proc. Symp. Geotech. Eng. Div., C.H. Dowding, Ed., American Society of Civil Engineers, Denver, CO, 56--71.

  6. Cassidy, M.J., Uzielli, M., and Lacasse, S. (2008). "Probability risk assessment of landslides: A case study at Finneidfjord," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 45(9), 1250--1267.

  7. Cheung, R.W., and Tang, W.H. (2005). "Reliability of deteriorating slope," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 131(5), 589--597.

  8. Cheung, R.W., and Tang, W.H. (2005). "Realistic assessment of slope reliability for effective landslide hazard management," Géotechnique, 55(1), 85--94.

  9. Ching, J., Phoon, K.K., and Hu, Y.G. (2009). "Efficient evaluation of reliability for slopes with circular slip surfaces using importance sampling," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(6), 768--777.

  10. Ching, J., Phoon, K.K., and Hu, Y.G. (2010). "Observations on limit equilibrium-based slope reliability problems with inclined weak seams," ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 136(10), 1220--1233.

  11. Ching, J. and Liao, H.-J. (2013). Re-analysis of Freeway-3 dip slope failure case ¡V a spatial variability view, Journal of GeoEngineering, 8(1), 1-10.

  12. Tabarroki, M., Ahmad, F., Banaki, R., Jha, S.K., and Ching, J. (2013). Determining safety factors of spatially variable slopes modeled by random fields, ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 139(12), 2082-2095.

  13. Chowdhury, R.N., and Tang, W.H. (1987). "Comparison of risk models for slopes," in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Applications of Statistics and Probability in Soil and Structural Engineering, 2, 863--869.

  14. Chowdhury, R.N., and Xu, D.W. (1993). "Rational polynomial technique in slope-reliability analysis," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 119(12), 1911--1928.

  15. Chowdhury, R.N., and Xu, D.W. (1995). "Geotechnical system reliability of slopes," Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 47, 141--151.

  16. Chowdhury, R.N., Zhang, S., and Flentje, P. (2004). "Reliability updating and geotechnical back-analysis," Advances in Geotechnical Engineering: The Skempton Conference, R.J. Jardine et al., eds., Thomas Telford, London.

  17. Cho, S.E. (2009). "Probabilistic stability analyses of slopes using the ANN-based response surface," Computers and Geotechnics, 36(5), 787--797.

  18. Christian, J.T., Ladd, C., and Baecher, G. (1994). "Reliability applied to slope stability analysis," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 120(12), 2180--2207.

  19. Christian, J.T. (1996). "Reliability methods for stability of existing slopes," in Uncertainty in the Geologic Environment: From Theory to Practice, Geotechnical Special Publications No. 58, C.D. Shackelford et al., Eds., American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 409--418.

  20. Christian, J.T., Ladd, C.C., and Baecher, G.B. (1994). "Reliability applied to slope stability analysis," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 120(12), 2180--2207.

  21. D'Andrea, R.A., and Sangrey, D.A. (1982). "Safety factors for probabilistic slope design," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 108(GT9), 1101--1118.

  22. Dai, Y., Fredlund, D.G., and Stolte, W.J. (1993). "A probabilistic slope stability analysis using deterministic computer software," in Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, K.S. Li and S.-C.R. Lo, Eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, 267--274.

  23. El-Ramly, H., Morgenstern, N.R., and Cruden, D.M. (2002). "Probabilistic slope stability analysis for practice," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39, 665--683.

  24. El-Ramly, H., Morgenstern, N.R., and Cruden, D.M. (2005). "Probabilistic assessment of stability of a cut slope in residual soil," Géotechnique, 55(1), 77--84.

  25. EI-Ramly, H., Morgenstern, N.R., and Cruden, D.M. (2006). "Lodalen slide: a probabilistic assessment," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 43(9), 956--968.

  26. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (2005). "A slope stability reliability model," Proc. K.Y. Lo Symposium, London, ON.

  27. Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V., and Urquhart, A. (2003). "A slope stability model for spatially random soils," in Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering (ICASP9), A. Kiureghian \etal, Eds., Millpress, San Francisco, 1263--1269.

  28. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A. (2000). "Influence of soil strength spatial variability on the stability of an undrained clay slope by finite elements," in Slope Stability 2000, Geotechnical Special Publications No. 101, American Society of Civil Engineering, New York, 184--193.

  29. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A. (2004). "Probabilistic slope stability analysis by finite elements," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(5), 507--518. PDF

  30. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A., and Denavit, M.D. (2007). "Traditional and advanced probabilistic slope stability analysis," in Probabilistic Applications in Geotechnical Engineering, Geotechnical Special Publications No. 170, Proc. Geo-Denver 2007 Symposium, American Society of Civil Engineers, Denver, CO.

  31. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A., and Ziemann, H.R. (2006). "The influence of strength variability in the analysis of slope failure risk," in Geomechanics II, Proc. 2nd Japan-US Workshop on Testing, Modeling and Simulation, P.V. Lade, and T. Nakai, Eds., Geotechnical Special Publications No. 156, American Society of Civil Engineers, Kyoto, Japan, 113--123.

  32. Griffiths, D.V., Huang, J., and Fenton, G.A. (2009). "On the reliability of earth slopes in three dimensions", Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 465(2110), 3145--3164.

  33. Griffiths, D.V., Huang, J., and Fenton, G.A. (2009). "Influence of spatial variability on slope reliability using 2-d random fields," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(10), 1367--1378.

  34. Griffiths, D.V., Huang, J., and Fenton, G.A. (2010) "Probabilistic infinite slope analysis," Computers and Geotechnics, 38(4), 577--584.

  35. Hassan, A.M., and Wolff, T.F. (1999). "Search algorithm for minimum reliability index of earth slopes," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(4), 301--308.

  36. Hassan, A.M., and Wolff, T.F. (2000). "Effect of deterministic and probabilistic models on slope reliability index," in Slope Stability 2000, Geotechnical Special Publications No. 101, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 194--208.

  37. Hong, H.P., and Roh, G. (2008). "Reliability evaluation of earth slopes," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134(12), 1700--1705.

  38. Hsu, Y.C., Lin, J.S., and Kuo, J.T. (2007). "Projection method for validating reliability analysis of soil slopes," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(6), 753--756.

  39. Huang, J., Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A. (2010). "System reliability of slopes by RFEM", Soils and Foundations, 50(3), 343--353.

  40. Jha, S.K. and Ching, J. (2013). Simplified method for reliability analysis and reliability-based design of spatially variable undrained slopes, Soils and Foundations, 53(5), 708-719.

  41. Juang, C.H., Lee, D.H., Sheu, C. (1992). "Mapping slope failure potential using fuzzy sets," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 118(3), 475--494.

  42. Juang, C.H., Jhi, Y.Y., and Lee, D.H. (1998). "Stability analysis of existing slopes considering uncertainty," Engineering Geology, 49, 111--122.

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  44. Jiang, S.H., Li, D.Q., Zhang, L.M., and Zhou C.B. (2014). "Slope reliability analysis considering spatially variable shear strength parameters using a non-intrusive stochastic finite element method," Engineering Geology, 168: 120-168.

  45. Jiang, S.H., Li, D.Q., Zhang, L.M., and Zhou C.B. (2014). "Time-dependent system reliability of anchored rock slopes considering rock bolt corrosion effect," Engineering Geology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.03.011.

  46. Li, D.Q., Zhou C.B., Lu, W.B., and Jiang, Q.H. (2009). "A system reliability approach for evaluating stability of rock wedges with correlated failure modes," Computers and Geotechnics, 36(8), 1298--1307.

  47. Li, D.Q., Chen, Y.F., Lu, W.B., and Zhou, C.B. (2011). "Stochastic response surface method for reliability analysis of rock slopes involving correlated non-normal variables," Computers and Geotechnics, 38(1), 58--68.

  48. Li, D.Q., Zhang, L.M., Zhou, C.B., and Lu, W.B. (2011). "Risk based stabilization planning for soil cut slopes," Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9(4), 1365--1379.

  49. Li, K.S. (1992). "Applications of the technique of rational approximation in geotechnical analysis," Computers and Geotechnics, 14(2), 103--115.

  50. Li, K.S., and Lumb, P. (1987). "Probabilistic design of slopes," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 24, 520--531.

  51. Liang, R.Y., Nusier, O.K., Malkawi, A.H. (1999). "A reliability based approach for evaluating the slope stability of embankment dams," Engineering Geology, 54(3-4), 271--285.

  52. Lin, P.S., Chang, C.W., and Juang, C.H. (1999). "Probabilistic sensitivity analysis for one-dimensional solute transport," Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 17(1), 39--61.

  53. Low, B.K. (2003). "Practical probabilistic slope stability analysis," 12th Pan-American Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering and 39th U.S. Rock Mechanics Symp., MIT, Cambridge, Mass., 2, 2777--2784.

  54. Low, B.K., Gilbert, R.B., and Wright, S.G. (1998). "Slope reliability analysis using generalized method of slices," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 124(4), 350--362.

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  71. Tang, W.H., Merri, G., and Halim, I. (1992). "Uncertainty of mobilized shear strength," Soils and Foundations, 32(4), 107--116.

  72. Tang, W.H., and Yen, B.C. (1991). "Dam Safety Inspection Scheduling," ASCE Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 117(2), 214--229.

  73. Tang, W.H., Yuceman, M.S., and Ang, A.H.S. (1976). "Probability-based short-term design of slopes," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 13, 201--215.

  74. Tang, X.S., Li, D.Q., Chen, Y.F., Zhou, C.B., and Zhang, L.M. (2012). "Improved knowledge-based clustered partitioning approach and its application to slope reliability analysis," Computers and Geotechnics, 45, 34--43.

  75. Tang, X.S., Li, D.Q., Rong, G., Phoon, K.K., and Zhou C.B. (2013). "Impact of copula selection on geotechnical reliability under incomplete probability information," Computers and Geotechnics, 49, 264-278.

  76. Vanmarcke, E.H. (1971). "Reliability of earth slopes," ASCE Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 103(11), 1247--1265.

  77. Vanmarcke, E.H. (1980). "Probabilistic stability analysis of earth slopes," Engineering Geology, 16, 29--50.

  78. Wang, Y., Cao, Z., Au, S.K. (2011). "Practical reliability analysis of slope stability by advanced Monte Carlo simulations in a spreadsheet," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48(1), 162--172.

  79. Wolff, T.F. (1996). "Probabilistic slope stability in theory and practice," in Uncertainty in the Geologic Environment: From Theory to Practice, Geotechnical Special Publications No. 58, C.D. Shackelford et al., Eds., American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 419--433.

  80. Wolff, T.H. (1985). "Analysis and design of embankment dam slopes: a probabilistic approach," Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN.

  81. Wong, F.S. (1985). "Slope reliability and response surface method," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 111(1), 32--53.

  82. Wu, T.H. (2003). "Assessment of landslide hazard under combined loading," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 40, 821--829.

  83. Wu, T.H. (2008). "Reliability analysis of slopes," in Reliability-Based Design in Geotechnical Engineering: Computations and Applications, Ed. K.-K. Phoon. Taylor & Francis, London. 413--447.

  84. Wu, T.H., and Abdel-Latif, A. (2000) "Prediction and mapping of landslide hazard," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 37, 781--795.

  85. Wu, T.H., Kraft, L.M. (1970). "Safety analysis of slopes," ASCE Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 96(2), 609--630

  86. Xu, B., and Low, B.K. (2006). "Probabilistic stability analyses of embankments based on finite-element method," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(11), 1444--1454.

  87. Xue, J.F., and Gavin, K. (2007). "Simultaneous determination of critical slip surface and reliability index for slopes," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(7), 878--886.

  88. Yang, R.N., Alonso, E., and Tabba, M.M. (1977). "Application of risk analysis to the prediction of slope instability," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 14, 540--553.

  89. Yuceman, M.S., Tang, W.H., and Ang, A.H.S. (1973). "A probabilistic study of safety and design of earth slopes," University of Illinois, Urbana, Civil Engineering Studies, Structural Research Series 402, Urbana-Champagne, IL.

  90. Zhang, J., Zhang, L.M., and Tang, W.H. (2011). "Slope reliability analysis considering site-specific performance information," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 137(3), 227--238.

  91. Zhang, J., Zhang, L.M.,and Tang, W.H. (2011). "New methods for system reliability of soil slopes," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48(7), 1138--1148.

  92. Zhang, J., Huang, H.W., Juang, C.H., and Li, D.Q. (2013). "Extension of Hassan and Wolff Method for System Reliability Analysis of Soil Slopes," Engineering Geology, 160, 81-88.

  93. Zhang, L.L., Zhang, L.M., and Tang, W.H. (2005). "Rainfall-induced slope failure considering variability of soil properties," Géotechnique, 33(6), 773--790.

  94. Zhang, L.L., Zhang, L.M., and Tang, W.H. (2009). "Uncertainty of field pullout resistance of soil nails," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(7), 966--972.

Risk Management

  1. van Staveren, M.Th. (2006). "Uncertainty and Ground Conditions: A Risk Management Approach," Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.

  2. van Staveren, M.Th., and Chapman, T. (2007). "Complementing code requirements: Managing ground risk in urban environments," Proceedings of the XIVth European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, September 24-27, Madrid. Millpress Science Publishers, Rotterdam.

  3. van Staveren, M.Th. (2009). "Suggestions for implementing geotechnical risk management," Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Geotechnical Safety and Risk, Gifu, Japan, June 11-12.

  4. van Staveren, M.Th. (2009). "Extending to Geotechnical Risk Management," GeoRisk, Taylor & Francis.

  5. Grêt-Regamey, A., and Straub, D. (2006). "Spatially explicit avalanche risk assessment linking Bayesian networks to a GIS," Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 6(6), 911--926.

Rock Mechanics

  1. Babendererde, S., Hoek, E., et al. (2004). "Geological risk in the use of TBMs in heterogeneous rock masses - The case of "Metro do Proto" and the measures adopted," Geotechnical Risks in Rock Tunnels. Portugal: 1--16.

  2. Ching, J., Yang, Z.Y., Shiau, J.Q., and Chen, C.J. (2013). Estimation of rock pressure during an excavation/cut in sedimentary rocks with inclined bedding planes, Structural Safety, 41, 11-19.

  3. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A., and Lemons, C.B. (2002). "Probabilistic analysis of underground pillar stability," International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics , 26, 775--791. PDF

  4. Hudaverdi, T., Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. and Kuzu, C. (2011). "Prediction of blast fragmentation using multivariate analysis procedures," International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 35(12), 1318--1333.

  5. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Wu, T.H. (1984). "Estimation of mean trace length of discontinuities," Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 17, 215--232.

  6. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Wu, T.H. (1984). "Sampling bias on orientation of discontinuities," Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 17, 243--254.

  7. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Wu, T.H. (1984). "The density of discontinuity traces in sampling windows," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 21, 345--347.

  8. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Finley, R.E., and Ghosh, A. (1985). "Effect of variability of joint orientation and strength on factor of safety of wedge stability," in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Fundamentals of Rock Joints, Bjorkliden, Lapland, Sweden, 25--34.

  9. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1985). "Fitting of fisher distribution on discontinuity orientation data," Journal of Geological Education, 33, 266--269.

  10. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Wu, T.H. (1986). "Relation between discontinuity size and trace length," in Proceedings of the 27th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 130--133.

  11. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1986). "Bivariate normal distribution fitting on discontinuity orientation clusters," Journal of International Association for Mathematical Geology, 18(2), 181--195.

  12. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Fuenkajorn, K. (1987). "Factor of safety of tetrahedral wedges: A probabilistic study," International Journal of Surface Mining, 1(2), 147--154.

  13. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1988). "Minimum rock bolt force and minimum static acceleration in tetrahedral wedge stability: A probabilistic study," International Journal of Surface Mining, 2(1), 19--26.

  14. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Wu, T.H., and Wathugala, D.N. (1990). "Probabilistic modeling of joint orientation", International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 14, 325--350.

  15. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Wathugala, D.N., and Stephansson, O. (1993). "Stochastic three dimensional joint size, intensity and system modelling and a validation to an area in Stripa mine Sweden," Soils and Foundations, 33(1), 55--70.

  16. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Wang, S., and Stephansson, O. (1993). "Effect of finite size joints on deformability of jointed rock at the three dimensional level," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science, 30(5), 479--501.

  17. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Wuthagala, D.N., and Stephansson, O. (1993). "Joint network modelling, including a validation to an area in Stripa mine, Sweden," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science, 30(5), 503--526.

  18. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Ucpirti, H., and Stephansson, O. (1994). "Effect of finite size joints on the deformability of jointed rock at the two dimensional level," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 31, 364--374.

  19. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Swoboda, B. (1994). "Geomechanical modelling of jointed rock," Felsbau, 12(6), 387--394.

  20. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Shou, G., Huang, T.-H., and Morgan, R.M. (1995). "New peak shear strength criteria for anisotropic rock joints," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science, 32(7), 673--697.

  21. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Shou, G., and Huang, T.-H. (1995). "A spectral based peak shear strength criterion for rock joints," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 121(11), 789--796.

  22. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Chen, J., Teng, J., Shufang, X., and Pan, G. (1996). "Discontinuity geometry characterization for the rock mass around a tunnel close to the permanent shiplock area of the Three Gorges Dam site in China," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science, 33, 255--277.

  23. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Um, J. and Pan, G. (1997). "Requirements for accurate estimation of fractal parameters for self-affine roughness profiles using the line scaling method," Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 30(4), 181--206.

  24. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W, Um, J. and Pan, G. (1998). "Requirements for accurate quantification of self-affine roughness using the variogram method," International Journal Solids and Structures, 35(31-32), 4167--4189.

  25. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and UM, J. (1999). "Requirements for accurate quantification of self-affine roughness using the roughness-length method," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science, 36(1), 1--18.

  26. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Um, J., Panda, B.B., and Nghiem, N. (1999). "Development of a new peak shear strength criterion for anisotropic rock joints," ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 125(9), 1010--1017.

  27. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Um, J., Wang, M., Escandon R.F., and Narvaiz, J. (2003). "Stochastic fracture geometry modeling in 3-D including validations for a part of Arrowhead East Tunnel site, California, USA," International Journal of Engineering Geology, 70(1-2), 131--155.

  28. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Balasingam, P., Park, J., and Morgan, R. (2006). "Natural rock joint roughness quantification through fractal techniques," International Journal of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 24(5), 1182--1202.

  29. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Park, J., Balasingam, P., and Morgan, R. (2008). "Quantification of aperture and relations between aperture, normal stress and fluid flow for natural single rock fractures," International Journal of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 26(3), 269--281.

  30. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Qiong, Wu, Hudaverdi, T. and Kuzu, C. (2010). "Mean particle size prediction in rock blast fragmentation using neural networks," International Journal of Engineering Geology, 114, 298--311.

  31. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Qiong Wu, and Hudaverdi, T. (2012). "New prediction models for mean particle size in rock blast fragmentation," Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 30(3), 665--684.

  32. Lee, Y.F., Chi, Y.Y., Juang, C.H., and Lee, D.H. (2012), "Reliability analysis of rock wedge stability - A knowledge-based clustered partitioning approach," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(6), 700--708.

  33. Li, H.Z., and Low, B.K. (2010). "Reliability analysis of circular tunnel under hydrostatic stress field," Computers and Geotechnics, 37(1-2), 50--58.

  34. Low, B.K. (1997). "Reliability analysis of rock wedges," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 123(6), 498--505.

  35. Low, B.K. (2008). "Efficient probabilistic algorithm illustrated for a rock slope", Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 41(5), 715--734.

  36. Lu Q., and Low B.K. (2011). "Probabilistic analysis of underground rock excavations using response surface method and SORM", Computers and Geotechnics, Elsevier, 38, 1008--1021.

  37. Lu Q., Sun H.Y., and Low B.K. (2011). "Reliability analysis of ground-support interaction in circular tunnels using the response surface method," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 48(8), 1329--1343.

  38. Panda, B.B., and Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1999). "Relations between fracture tensor parameters and permeability tensor parameters for discontinuous rock," ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 125(1), 51--59.

  39. Qiong Wu, Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Tang, Hui-Ming (2011).d "Comparison of rock discontinuity mean trace length and density estimation methods using discontinuity data from an outcrop in Wenchuan area, China," International Journal of Computers and Geotechnics, 38, 258--268.

  40. Shirono, T., and Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1997). "Accuracy of the spectral method in estimating fractal/spectral parameters for self-affine roughness profiles," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Science, 34(5), 789--804.

  41. Wathugala, D.N., Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Wathugala, G.W., and Stephansson, O. (1990). "A general procedure to correct sampling bias on joint orientation using a vector approach," Computers and Geotechnics, 10, 1--31.

  42. Wu, Q., and Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (2012). "REV and its properties on fracture system and mechanical properties, and an orthotropic constitutive model for a jointed rock mass in a dam site in China," International Journal of Computers and Geotechnics, 43, 124--142.

Inverse Analyses and Bayesian Methods

  1. Gavalas, G.R., Shah, P.C., and Seinfeld J.H. (1976). "Reservoir history matching by Bayesian estimation," Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 16(6), 337--350.

  2. Gilbert, R.B., and Tang, W.H. (1995). "Model uncertainty in offshore geotechnical reliability," Proc., 27th Offshore Technology Conference, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Houston, Tex., 557--567.

  3. Graf, M., Nishijima, K., and Faber M.H. (2007). "Bayesian updating in natural hazard risk assessment," Proc., 3rd International Forum on Engineering Decision Making, S. Reid, and M. Stewart, eds., Sydney University Press, Shoal Bay, NSW, Australia.

  4. Honjo, Y., and Kashiwagi, N. (1999). "Matching objective and subjective information in groundwater inverse analysis by Akaike Bayesian information criterion," Water Resources Research, 35(2), 435--447.

  5. Honjo. Y., and Amatya, S. (2005). "Partial factors calibration based on reliability analyses for square footings on granular soils," Géotechnique, 55(6), 479--491.

  6. Honjo, Y., and Kudo, N. (1997). "Preliminary study on observation scheme evaluation for inverse analysis of ground deformation analysis," 7th International Conf. Structural Safety and Reliability, Kyoto, Japan.

  7. Honjo, Y., and Kudo, N. (1998). "Matching objective and subjective information in geotechnical inverse analysis based on entropy minimization," Proc. International Symp. on Inverse Problems in Engineering Mechanics, Nagano, Japan, 263--271.

  8. Honjo, Y., Liu, W.T., and Soumitra, G. (1994). "Inverse analysis of an embankment on soft clay by extended Bayesian method," Internation Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 18, 709--734.

  9. Kohno, S., Ang, A.H-S., and Tang, W.H. (1992) "Reliability Evaluation of Idealized Tunnel Systems," Structural Safety, 11(2), 81--93,

  10. Ledesma, A., Gens, A., and Alonso, E.E. (1996), "Estimation of parameters in geotechnical backanalysis- I. Maximum likelihood approach," Computers and Geotechnics, 18(1), 1--27.

  11. Ledesma, A., Gens, A., and Alonso, E. E. (1996). "Parameter and variance estimation in geotechnical back analysis using prior information," Internation Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 20, 114--141.

  12. Lee, I.M., and Kim, D.H. (1999). "Parameter estimation using extended Bayesian method in tunneling," Computers and Geotechnics, 24(2), 109--124.

  13. Lee, I.M., and Kim, D.H. (2003). "Parameter estimation using extended Bayesian method in tunneling," in Numerical Analysis and Modeling in Geomechanics, J.W. Bull ed., Spon, New York.

  14. Lee, M., Kim, D.H., and Lo, K.Y. (1997). "A statistical approach on geotechnical parameter estimation for underground structures," in Proc. 9th International Conf. Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, Wuhan, 775--780.

  15. Luckman, P.G., Der Kiureghian, A., and Sitar, N. (1987). "Use of stochastic stability analysis for Bayesian back calculation of pore pressures acting in a cut at failure," Proc., in 5th International Conf. on Application of Statistics and Probability in Soil and Struct. Engr., Vancouver, Canada.

  16. Phoon, K.K., and Kulhawy, F.H. (2005). "Characterisation of model uncertainties for laterally loaded rigid drilled shafts," Géotechnique, 55(1), 45--54.

  17. Reddi, L.N., and Wu, T.H. (1991). "Probabilistic analysis of ground-water levels in hillside slopes," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 117(6), 872--890.

  18. Tang, W.H. (1971). "A Bayesian evaluation of information for foundation engineering design," in Proc., 1st International Conf. on Applications of Statistics and Probability to Soil and Structural Engineering, Hong Kong.

  19. Tang, W.H., Stark, T., and M. Angulo. (1999) "Reliability in back analysis of slope failures," Soils and Foundations, 39(5), 73--80,

  20. Wang, L., Ravichandran, N., and Juang, C.H. (2012). "Bayesian updating of KJHH model for prediction of maximum ground settlement in braced excavations in clays," Computers and Geotechnics, 44, 1--8.

  21. Zhang, J., Zhang, L.M., and Tang, W.H. (2009). "Bayesian framework for characterizing geotechnical model uncertainty," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(7), 932--940.

  22. Zhang, J., Tang, W.H., and Zhang, L.M. (2010). "Efficient probabilistic back analysis of slope stability parameters," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(1), 99--109.

  23. Zhang, L.L., Zhang, J., Zhang, L.M., and Tang, W.H. (2010). "Back analysis of slope failure with Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation," Computers and Geotechnics, 37(7-8), 905--912

  24. Zhang, L.M., Tang, W.H., Zhang, L.L., and Zheng, J.G., (2004). "Reducing uncertainty of prediction from empirical correlations," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(5), 526--534.